COMMUNICABLE

DISEASE
Prepared by:
Peter Glen L. Reyes,
Respiratory Anatomy &
Physiology
 The respiratory system consists of two
main parts- the upper and the lower tracts
Respiratory Anatomy & Physiology
The UPPER respiratory system
consists of:
 1. nose
 2. sinuses
 3. mouth
 4. pharynx
 5. larynx
 6. epiglottis
ACUTE NASOPHARYNGITIS
(CORYZA)
 Most frequent
infectious disease in
children
 Average of 10-12
colds/ year
 Incubation period-
2-3 days
 The COMMON
COLDS
ETIOLOGIC AGENT
1. Rhinovirus-most common cause
2. Parainfluenza virus
3. Respiratory syncitial virus (RSV)
4. Influenza virus
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
1. nasal congestion
2. watery rhinitis
3. low grade fever
4. mucus membrane is edematous
5. cervical lymph node may be
swollen and palpable
6. body malaise
TREATMENT
 Common colds is self-limiting
 supportive care
 relief of nasal obstruction - use of
isotonic saline drops and aspiration
 antipyretic or analgesic agents
 antitussive is sometimes used for
persistent cough
METHOD OF PREVENTION
1. Avoid exposing children to any person
with fever.
2. Isolation!
3. Disinfection of all articles soiled with
secretion of nose and throat.
4. Administration of measles immune
globulin to susceptible infants and
children.
5. Measles virus vaccines
 NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES
 Immediate isolation.
Observe signs of
complication
 Teach, demonstrate and
supervise adequate
nursing care.
 Explain proper disposal
of nose and throat
discharges.
 Disinfection
Streptococcal
Pharyngitis
 Strep throat
 Spread by infected nose or throat mucus
through coughing or sneezing

S/sx: pain on swallowing, fever, headache,

swollen lymph nodes, swollen hyperemic
tonsils w/ OR w/out pus

Dx: throat SWAB and culture & sensitivity

Group A beta-Hemolytic Streptococcal
Bacteria – Gram (+) bacteria
TREATMENT & MANAGEMENT
PHARYNGITIS
1. antibiotics- 10 day-course of oral
antibiotics (Pen G or Clindamycin)
2. high fluid intake
3. relief of pain

 COMPLICATION: Rheumatic Fever,

Rheumatic Heart Disease, Acute
Glomerulonephritis
Communicable Disease
 Isan illness caused by an
infectious agent or its toxic
products that are transmitted
directly or indirectly to a well
person through an agency, a
vector or an inanimate object
Vector
 An animal,usually an insect or a
tick, that transmits parasitic
organisms

 Ex:
Malaria
Filiariasis
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
Infection
 Isthe implantation and successful
replication of an organism in the
tissue of the host resulting to
signs and symptoms as well as
immunologic response
Carrier
 Is an individual who harbors the organism
and is capable of transmitting it to a
susceptible host without showing
manifestations of the disease
Contact
 Is any person or animal who is in close
association with an infected person,
animals, or freshly soiled materials
CONTAGIOUS DISEASE
 term given to a disease that is easily
transmitted from one person to another
through direct or indirect means
BACTEREMIA

 presence of bacteria
in the bloodstream
as demonstrated by
blood culture.
TOXEMIA
-poisonous products of bacteria (toxins)
growing in a local site have been
distributed throughout the body.
A. Endotoxins – toxins
which are confined within
the body of bacteria and
released only when the
bacteria is broken down.

B. Exotoxin – toxins which

exist outside of bacteria
and circulate
independently of the cell
body.
SEPTICEMIA

 means that
organism are
present and
multiplying in the
bloodstream.
A. Direct contact- spread of a
communicable disease from a patient
suffering from a disease or from a carrier
who either has recovered but still
harbors the active infective organism, or
has never had a disease and is immune
to it, yet is able to transmit the disease to
susceptible person .E.g. sneezing, or
coughing, skin or sexual contact.
B. Indirect contact – airborne spread of
communicable disease by contaminated
hands of attendants, bed linen,
books ,food, and insects.
ANTIBODIES

 specific immune
substances
produced in the
tissues of man or
animal in response
to the to the
introduction of an
antigen into the
body.
 ANTIBODIES
 A
ANTIGEN

 substances capable of producing

antibodies in the body tissues or fluids
ANTIGEN
ANTISERUM

 serum containing specific antibodies

obtained from the blood of a recovered
patient or an animal that has received
repeated doses of an antigen.
ANTITOXIN
 substances found in
the blood serum and
other body fluids which
is specifically
antagonistic to some
specific toxin.
TOXOID

 a transformation product of a toxin of

greatly reduced toxicity but is capable
of combining with antitoxin and of
inciting the formation of the same
within the body.
VACCINE
any material for preventive
inoculation, particularly a
pathogenic microorganisms or its
toxins which when introduced into
the body, produces active
protection against the disease
through the formation of
antibodies.
RESISTANCE

 the sum or total of body mechanisms

which serve as barriers to the progress
of invasion of infectious agents.
IMMUNITY

the host’s ability to resists disease-

causing agents, usually associated with
the possession of antibodies for specific
disease.
PROPHYLAXIS

 measures taken to prevent a disease from

developing.
PERIOD OF INCUBATION

 period from the introduction of the

causative agent into the body up to the
appearance of the symptoms.
ENDEMIC
constant presence of a
disease or infectious
agent within a given
geographic area.
EPIDEMIC
 occurrence in the community or region of cases
of an illness clearly in excessive of expectancy;
an outbreak.
AVENUES OF DISEASE TRANSMISSION/
5 F’s

 Food
 Fingers
 Flies
 Feces
 Fomites
The epidemiologic Triad

 I.Host
 Patient

 Carrier

 Suspect

 Contact- “exposed”
EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRIAD
II. Agent
 Biologic

 Chemical

 Nutrient

 Physical

 Psychological
 AGENTS
 A
RESERVOIR

 any person, animal, plant or substance

in which an infectious agent normally
lives and multiplies, on which depends
primarily for survival, and where it
reproduces itself in such manner that it
can transmitted to a susceptible host.
 Atopic Dermatitis
 2 mos-3 yo
 R/t food allergy

S/sx: papular and vesicular

skin eruptions w/ erythema,
pruritus, dry,flaky scales
upon healing
Mx: reduce allergen, topical
steroids
NDx: Impaired skin integrity
r/t eczematous lesion
Nsg care: Reduce allergen
Prevent skin dryness and
pruritus
ATOPIC DERMATITIS
 NURSING MANAGEMENT
2. MEDS: ANTIHISTAMINES, ANTIPRURITICS,
STEROIDAL CREAMS
3. Minimize the risk of infection
4. Promote skin integrity
5. Family Health teaching
• Cotton fabrics, use mild detergents
• Daily baths to hydrate the skin
• Use topical moisturizers
 Diarrhea
Viral – Rotavirus, Adenovirus
Bacterial – Shigella, Salmonella, Cholera
Protozoan – Amoeba

TY PES :
Mi ld: fever, irritable, 2-10 episodes/day, dry
mucous membranes, tachycardia
- 2.5-5% wt loss
Mx: oral rehydration
Diarrhea
 INFECTIOUS
AGENTS:

Myobacterium tuberculosis and M.

Africanum primarily from humans.
TUBERCULOSIS

 Highly infectious chronic disease caused by

TB BACILLI.
 Primarily a respiratory disease common
among malnourished individuals living in
crowded areas.
 Tuberculosis
 Early signs of Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis
 Tuberculosis
patient
Mode Of Transmission:
 Airborne droplets method
through coughing,
sneezing.
 Through mucous
membrane or break in the
skin may occur, but
extremely rare.
 Bovine tuberculosis from
exposure to tuberculosis
cattle, ingestion of un
pasteurized milk.
PERIOD OF COMMUNICABILITY:

 “as long as viable tubercle bacilli are being

discharged in the sputum”.
SUSCEPTIBILITY AND
RESISTANCE
 Most hazardous period – first 6-12 months.
 Risk is highest in children under 3 years
old.
Preventive measures
 BCG vaccination of newborn,
infants and school entrants.
 Educate the public in mode of
spread and methods pf control
and importance of early
diagnosis.
 Improve social conditions!!!
 Make available medical,
laboratory and x-ray facilities
for examination of patients.
 Outreach services for home
supervision of patients to
supervise therapy.
 TREATMENT

Category and Treatment

Regimen
This treatment regimen is to be prescribed to:

 new pulmonary tuberculosis patients

whose sputum is positive.
 Seriously ill patients with severe forms
of:
A. smear-negative pulmonary
tuberculosis with extensive parenchymal
involvement (moderate or far advanced).
B. Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis
(e.g., meningitis, tuberculosis
peicarditis, peritonitis, spinal disease
with neurological complication)
Intensive Phase

 Drugs are given for 2 months ( months

1 and 2) :
 Isoniazid + rifampicin + pyrazinamide +
ethambutol
 At the end of the second month the
maintenance phase of treatment will
start only if sputum result is negative by
direct smear.
 If still positive at the end of the second
month of directly observed
chemotherapy, drug resistance should
be suspected.
 SO!!!! All drugs should be
stopped for 2-3 days, and
sputum specimen sent to
laboratory for culture and drug
sensitivity tests.
 Patient should continue the
same initial intensive phase with
four drugs for another month.
 The patient should begin the
maintenance phase ( with
isoniazid + rifampicin)
regardless of the result of the
3rd month sputum examination.
**Note: Add PZA 500 mg., INH 100 mg.
And Ethambutol 400 mg. For patients
above 50 kgs, body weight. Ethambutol
should not be used in children under age
6 and below…to report visual
disturbances.
Maintenance Phase

 The following drugs are given for the

next 4 months for the maintenance
phase.
 INH** + Rifampicin given daily for the
next 4 months
Category 1

 Intensive Phase Rifampicin 450 mg.

 2 months Isoniazid 300 mg.
Pyrazinamide 500 mg. ( 2
tablets )
Ethambutol 400 mg.
(2
tablets)
 Maintenance Rifampicin 450 mg.
 4 months Isoniazid 300 mg.
** Note: For patients with
tuberculosis meningitis,
disseminated or spinal disease
with neurological complications,
rifampicin and isoniazid should be
given daily during the
maintenance phase for 7 months.
** Note: Add INH 100 mg. For
patients weighing more than 50
kg. Body weight.
Category 2

 Prescribed to previously treated

patients who are:
 Relapses
 Failures
 Others
Intensive Phase
Following drugs are given daily for 3
months during this phase of treatment:
 Isoniazid* + rifampicin + PZA +
ethambutol + Streptomycin* for the first
2 months followed by:
 Streptomycin* + rifampicin
pyrazinimide + ethambutol for 1 month.
 At the end of the 3rd month, the
maintenance phase of treatment will
start only if the sputum result is
negative by direct smear.
 If sputum is still positive… Intensive
phase will be continued for 1 more
month with the same drugs.
Maintenance Phase
 Drugs are given daily for 5 months ( months
4,5,6,7, and 8 of treatment).
 Isoniazid + rifampicin + etambutol

**Note: Streptomycin should not be given to

pregnant women. Add PZA 500 mg. Ethambutol
400 mg. and INH 100 mg.for patients weighing
more than 50 kgs. Body weight.
Category II
Intensive Rifampicin 450 mg.
(2 months) Isoniazid 300 mg.
Pyrazinamide 500 mg. ( 2
tablets)
Streptomycin SO4 1 gm.
Intensive Rifampicin 450 mg.
(1 month) Isoniazid 300 mg.
Pyrazinamide 500 mg. ( 2

tablets)
Ethambutol 400 mg. ( 2 tablets)
 Maintenance Rifampicin 450 mg.
( 5 months) Isoniazid 300 mg.
Ethambutol 400 mg. (

2 tablets )

For 30 – 50 kg. Body weight

Category 3

 Regimen is to be prescribed to:

 New pulmonary tuberculosis
patients whose sputum is smear-
negative for 3 times and chest x-
ray result of PTB minimal.
 Extra-pulmonary ( not serious).
Intensive Phase
 Given daily* for 2 months:
 Isoniazid* + rifampicin + pyrazinamide

Note: Add PZA 500 mg. And INH 100

mg. For patients weighing more than 50
kg. Body weight.
Category III

 Intensive Rifampicin 450 mg.

( 2 months) Isoniazid 300 mg.
Pyrazinamide 500 mg.
(2Tablets )
Maintenance Rifampicin 450 mg.
( 2 months ) Isoniazid 300 mg.

For 30 – 50 kg. Body weight.

Management of Pulmonary Patients Who
Interrupted Treatment

 This happen when patient does not

understand that he need to take ALL
his/her drugs for the full duration of
treatment.
D.O.T.S. Direct
Observation
Treatment Short
Course
Elements:
 Political will in terms of funds and
manpower.
 Sputum microscopy service
 Regular drug supply
 Recording books to monitor patient
progress
 Drug intake supervised by health
worker
MALARIA
Etiology
 Produced by intra
ethrocytic parasites of the
genius Plasmodium.
 Four plasmodia produce
malaria in humans:
Plasmodium falciparum, P.
vivax, P. ovale, and P.
malariae.
Signs and Symptoms

 recurrent chills
 fever
 profuse sweating
 anemia
 malaise
 hepatomegaly
 spleenomegaly
a
 a
Malaria
Life Cycle of the Malaria Parasite

 Salivary gland of a female Anopheles

mosquito are injected under the skin
----- bloodstream to the liver ----- 30,000
parasites are then released as
merozoites to produce symptomatic
infection as they invade and destroy
Red Blood Cells.
Chemoprophylaxis

 Only Chloroquine drug should be

given. It must be taken at weekly
intervals starting 1-2 weeks before
entering the endemic area.
Insecticide

 Soaking of the mosquito net in an

insecticide solution and allowed to dry.
 House Spraying
HOUSE SPRAYING
Recommended Anti-Malaria Drugs

 Chloroquine phosphate 250 mg.

 Sulfadoxine (or Sulfate) 50 mg.-
pyrimethamine 25 mg.
 Quinine sulfate 300 mg. Tablet
 Tetracycline hydrochloride 250 mg.
 Quinidine sulfate 200 mg./ durules
Other Preventive Measures

 Wearing of clothing that covers

arms and legs in the evening.
 Avoiding outdoor night activities,
particularly during the vector’s
peak biting hours from 9 pM to 3
AM.
 Using mosquito repellents
 Planting of Neem trees or herbal
plants which are potential
repellents.
Prevention!!!
The following should be done:

 Mass Blood Smear collection

 Immediate confirmation and follow-up
of cases
 Insecticide-treatment
 Focal Spraying
 Stream Clearing
 Intensive Campaign
DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER

Etiology
 Dengue Virus Types 1,2,3, & 4 and
Chikungunya virus
Source of Infection

 vector mosquito , the Aedes Aegypti or

common household mosquito.
 Infected person
Dengue
Description

1. First 4 days- Febrile, abdominal pain

and headache; later flushing
accompanied by vomiting, conjunctival
infection and epistaxis.
2. 4th-7th days – Toxic stage – Lowering of
temperature, severe abdominal pain, vomiting and
frequent bleeding from gastrointestinal tract in a
form of hematemesis or melena. Tourniquet test
which may be positive on the 3rd day may become
negative due to low or vasomotor collapse.

3. 7th –10th day - Convalescent or recovery stage

generalized flushing with interventing areas of
blanching appetite regained and blood pressure
already stable.
 Mode of Transmission: Mosquito bite ( Aedes
Aegypti)

 Incubation Period: Uncertain. Probably 6

days to one week.

 Period of Communicability: Unknown

 Susceptibility, Resistance and Occurrence:

All persons are susceptible.
Diagnostic Test

Tourniquet Test ( Rumpel

Leads Test )
Management:

 Supportive
 Symptomatic
 Rapid replacement
of body fluids
 Inclusive monitoring
Methods of Prevention and
Control

 Recognition of the disease

 Isolation of patient
 Epidemiological investigation
 Case finding reporting
 Health education
NURSING CARE

 Keep patient at rest

 Maintain an elevated position of trunk
and promote vasoconstriction in nasal
mucosa membrane.
 Use icebag at forehead
 Monitor vital signs
 Check diet- low fat, low fiber, non-
irritating. Noodle soup may be given.
MEASLES

Etiology

 Filterable virus of measles

Source: Secretion of nose and throat of

infected person.
 Signs and Symptoms: Fever, rashes,
and symptoms referable to upper
respiratory tract, (Kopliks spots) may
be found on the inner surface of the
cheeks.
 Rash appears on the 3rd or 4th day
affecting face, body and extremities
ending in branny desquamation.

Note: Death is due to complication:

secondary pneumonia.
 Mode of Transmission: By droplet
spread or direct contact with infected
person.
 Incubation Period: 10 days from
exposure to appear of fever, 14 days
until rash appears.
 Period of Communicability: During the
period of coryza- 9 days, ( from 4 days
before and 5 days after rash appears).
Measles
METHOD OF PREVENTION
1. Avoid exposing children to any person with
fever or acute catarrhal symptoms.
2. Isolation!
3. Disinfection of all articles soiled with
secretion of nose and throat.
4. Administration of measles immune globulin
to susceptible infants and children.
5. Measles virus vaccines
NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES

 Immediate isolation.
 Gamma Globulin – Explain to the
family and refer to physician.
 Observe signs of complication
 Teach, demonstrate and supervise
adequate nursing care.
 Explain proper disposal of nose
and throat discharges.
 Disinfection
CHICKEN POX ( Varicella )
Etiology : Varicella –
goster virus

Source of Infection:
Secretion of

respiratory tract

Lesion of the skin.

Mode of Transmission: Direct contact or
droplet spread.

Incubation Period: 2-3 weeks , commonly 13-17

days

Period of Communicability: Not more than one

day before and more than 6 days after
appearance of the first crop of vesicles.

Methods of Prevention and Control: Isolation.

Concurrent disinfection of throat and nose
discharges.
Chicken Pox
MUMPS ( EPIDEMIC PAROTITIS)

The characteristic feature of which is

the swelling of one or both of the
parotid glands, usually occurring in
epidemic form.
Etiology: Filterable virus
Source of Infection: Secretion of the
mouth and nose.
Mode of Transmission: Direct contact
with person.
Incubation period: 12-26 days, usually
18 days
Mumps
Period of Communicability: Begins
before the glands are swollen and
remains for an unknown length of time,
but it is presumed to last as long as
any localized glandular swelling
remains.
Signs and Symptoms:

 painful swelling in the front ear, angle

of jaws and down the neck.
 fever
 malaise
 loss of appetite
 in some boys, swelling in one or both
testicles ( orchitis)
Treatment:

 Prophylaxis
 Active treatment
 Diet should be soft or liquid as
tolerated
NURSING CARE
1. Encourage control of scratching
to prevent local infection.
2. Assist and direct family in
carrying out concurrent and
terminal disinfections.
Medications : Immune serum may be
used for passive immunization.
Fever : Reduce fever may be done by
aspirin, alcohol rub or TSB.
DIPHTHERIA
Etiology: Corynebacterium diphtheria
( Klebs-Loeffler bacillus).

Source of Infection: Discharges and

secretions from mucus surface of nose
and nasopharynx and skin and other
lesion.
Description: Acute infection of tonsils,
nose, throat, marked patches of
grayish membrane from which the
diptheria bacillus is readily cultured.
Mode of Transmission: Contact with
patient Milk has served as a vehicle.
Incubation Period: Usually 2-5 days,
occasionally longer.
Diphtheria
NURSING CARE
 Follow prescribed dosage and
correct technique in administering
anti-toxin infections
 Comfort of the patient should be a
priority.
 Visiting bag set up should be outside
the room of the patient or should be
far from the patient and separate set
upon a paper towel as in temperature
taking may be brought and placed on
the bedside table or chair.
WHOOPING COUGH (PERTUSSIS)

Etiology: Hemophilus Pertusis or

Bordet Gengou Bacillus or
Bordetella pertusis or
pertussis bacillus.

Source of infection: Discharges

from laryngeal and bronchial
mucous membrane of infected
persons.
Signs: Acute respiratory infection, cold which
becomes increasingly severe. Vomiting may
follow spasm. Cough may last for 2-3
months.
Mode of Transmission: respiratory ands
salivary contact.
Incubation period: 7-10 but nor exceeding 21
days.
Period of Communicability: paroxysmal cough
confirms provisional clinical diagnosis 7
days after exposure to 3 weeks after onset to
typical paroxysms.
Pertussis
NURSING CARE

1. Focused on prevention and other

complications; special attention to
diet is needed if patient vomits after
cough paroxysms.
2. Teach parents how to pick up the
infant or child during paroxysmal
cough, giving abdominal support.
3. Care of nose and throat discharges.
 TETANUS NEONATORUM AND TETANUS
AMONG OLDER AGE GROUP

Etiology: Tetanus bacillus

( clostridium tetani )
Source of Infection: Immediate
source of infection is soil, street
dust, animal and human feces.
Incubation Period: Vary from 3
days to 1 month or more, falling
between 7 and 14 days in high
proportion of cases.
METHOD OF PREVENTION

2. Pregnant women should be actively

immunized in regions where tetanus
is prevalent.
3. Licensing of midwives into
professional supervision and
education as methods, equipment and
techniques as sepsis in childbirth.
4. Health education
NURSING CARE

1. Keep patient away from noise, bright

lights or anything that will irritate
him/her.
2. Administer medications
3. Report untoward effects to the
physician.
PLS. SEE
PNEUMONIA AND FLU
IN OTHER FOLDER
Cholera is an acute, diarrheal
illness caused by infection of
the intestine with the bacterium
Vibrio cholerae. The infection is
often mild or without
symptoms, but sometimes can
be severe.

Mode Of Transmission

Food and water contaminated

with vomitus and stools of
patients and carriers.
What are cholera symptoms?
>rice watery diarrhea
>vomiting
>leg cramps
> cyanosis
> dehydration and shock
>Without treatment, death can
occur within hours.
Medical Management
 Potassium Replacement
 Administer 50-100 ml/hr isotonic
 Administer Doxycycline in severe cases

Nursing Management
 Give ORESOL according to required
amount base on age.
 Increase intake of liquids to replace lost
fluids. Coconut water
is said to be rich in potassium, one of the
electrolytes found in
the choleric stools.
 Give light meal foods, solid foods are
irritating substances
Incubation Period: From few hours to 5
days; usually 3 days.
NURSING CARE

1. Continue and increase frequency

of breastfeeding*
2. Give additional fluids. “am”,
soup, cereals.
3. Fluids and electrolytes
4. make patient comfortable.
5. Oresol according to required
amount based on age.
TYPHOID FEVER

is a systemic bacterial infection

characterized by diarrhea,
systemic disease, and a rash
-- most commonly caused by
the bacteria Salmonella typhi.
 TYPHOID FEVER

Etiology: Salmonella typosa,

typhoid bacillus

Signs: Systemic infection

characterized by fever, malaria,
anorexia, slow pulse, involvement
of lymphoid tissues especially
ulceration of Peyer’s patches,
enlargement of spleen, rose spots
on trunk and diarrhea.
Mode of Transmission: Direct or
Indirect contact with patient.
Principal vehicle are food and
water. Hands of carrier. Flies
are vectors.
Period of Communicability: As
long as typhoid bacilli appear
in excreta; usually appearance
Signs and Symptoms

Early Symptoms
 fever
 malaise
 abdominal pain
 rash of red spots on the chest and
abdomen
 chills
 Sweating
 Bloody stools
 Loss of appetite
In severe cases
 inflammation of the Spleen and Bones
 delirium
 erosion of the intestinal wall leading to
hemorrhage
 Medical Management
 Administer antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin
or chloramphenicol reduces the severity of
symptoms.
 Give intravenous fluids and electrolytes.

Preventive Measures
 Educate the public about proper processing,
preparation, and serving of food.
 Adequate water treatment, waste disposal,
and protection of food supply from
contamination are important public health
measures.
 Instruct patient and family on procedures of
Nursing Management
 Provide tepid sponge bath.

 Monitor the temperature.

 Increase fluid intake.

 Assess the skin for presence

of rose spots particularly on
the abdomen area.
 Carry out the medications as
per doctors order.
 Provide proper hygiene.
It is transmitted through food or
drinking water contaminated by
feces or urine of patients or
carriers.
NURSING CARE

1. Bedside care such as TSB,

feeding, changing of bed linen
use of bedpan and mouth
care.
2. Any bleeding from rectum,
stools, acute abdominal pain,
restlessness, falling of
temperature should be report
to the physician.
3. Take TPR and record.
HEPATITIS A

 ( INFECTIOUS HEPA, EPIDEMIC HEPA,

CATARRHAL JAUNDICE)
Etiology: Hepatitis A virus
Predisposing Factors:

1. poor sanitation
2. contaminated water supplies
3. unsanitary method of preparing
and serving food
4. malnutrition
5. disaster and wartime condition
 Incubation Period: 15-50 days depending on
dose; average 28- 30 days
 Signs:
 influenza

 malaise and easy fatigability

 anorexia and abdominal discomfort

 nausea and vomiting

 lymphaedenopathy

 jaundice accompanied by pruritus

 bilirubinemia and clay colored stool

Management/ treatment

 Prophylaxis- “IM” injections of gamma

globulin
 CBR
 Low fat but high in sugar
Prevention and Control:

1. insure safe water for drinking

2. sanitary method in serving food
3. proper disposal of feces and urine
4. washing of hands
HEPATITIS B

 hepatitis is a disease of the liver which

can be caused by viruses, bacteria,
protozoa, toxic chemicals, drug and
alcohol.
H
 A
Signs and Symptoms:

 Loss of appetite
 Easy fatigability
 Malaise
 Joint and muscle pain
 Low grade fever
 Nausea and vomiting
 Right side abdominal pain
 Jaundice
 Dark-colored urine
Mode of Transmission:

1. From person to person

2. Parental transmission
3. Perinatal transmission – leaks across
placenta, injury during delivery.
High risk groups to Hepa B Infection

1. Newborns, infants and children of infected mother.

2. Localities where occurrence of Hepa B is high.
3. Sexual and household contacts.
4. Health workers exposed to handling blood.
5. Requiring frequent blood and plasma transfusion.
6. Active heterosexuals and homosexuals.
7. Commercial sex workers
8. Using intravenous drugs.
Preventive Measures

1. Immunization with Hepatitis B

Vaccine among infants and high
groups with negative HB sag test.
2. Wear protection such as gloves,
mask, eye cover when dealing with
blood specimen.
3. Washing of hands.
Preventive Measures
1. Avoid injury such as sharp
instruments as needles,
scalpels, blades, etc.
2. Observe safe sex practices.
3. Proper screening for Hepatitis
B
4. Adequate rest and diet.
Management and Treatment
 NO SPECIFIC TREATMENT…
SYMPTOMATIC AND SUPPORTIVE
MEASURES AS ANALGESIC-
ANTIPYRETIC ARE GIVEN.
RABIES (HYDROPHOBIA, LYSSA)

 acute viral encephalomyelitis caused by

the rabies virus, a rhabdovirus of genus
lyssavirus.
Mode of Transmission:

1.Bites of a rabid animal whose saliva

has a virus.
2. Transmission from man to man is
possible.
Incubation Period: 2 to 8 weeks. It can be
longer depending on the severity of the
wounds.
Sign and symptoms

1. sense of apprehension
2. headache
3. fever
4. sensory changes
5. spasms of the muscles of
deglutition on attempts to
swallow.
6. paralysis
7. delirium and convulsions
Management:
 Wound must be washed
with soup and water.
Antiseptics such as
povidine may be applied.
 Give antibiotics and anti-
tetanus immunization.
 Observe the dog for 14
days… if it dies, consult a
physician.