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SYSTEM
Submitted by:
Espinosa Crisel F.
Section- 22
INTRODUCTION
• The major function of the reproductive system is to ensure survival of the species.
Other systems in the body, such as the endocrine and urinary systems, work
continuously to maintain homeostasis for survival of the individual. An individual
may live a long, healthy, and happy life without producing offspring, but if the
species is to continue, at least some individuals must produce offspring.
• Within the context of producing offspring, the reproductive system has four
functions:
– To produce egg and sperm cells
– To transport and sustain these cells
– To nurture the developing offspring
– To produce hormones
• These functions are divided between the primary and secondary, or accessory,
reproductive organs. The primary reproductive organs, or gonads, consist of the
ovaries and testes. These organs are responsible for producing the egg and sperm
cells, (gametes), and for producing hormones. These hormones function in the
maturation of the reproductive system, the development of sexual characteristics,
and have important roles in regulating the normal physiology of the reproductive
system. All other organs, ducts, and glands in the reproductive system are
considered secondary, or accessory, reproductive organs. These structures
transport and sustain the gametes and nurture the developing offspring.
• Sexual reproduction is the process of producing
offspring for the survival of the species, and
passing on hereditary traits from one generation
to the next. The male and female reproductive
systems contribute to the events leading to
fertilization. Then, the female organs assume
responsibility for the developing human, birth,
and nursing. The male and female gonads (testes
and ovaries) produce sex cells (ova and sperm)
and the hormones necessary for the proper
development, maintenance, and functioning of
the organs of reproduction and other organs and
tissues.
• The reproductive system is a system of organs within an
organism which work together for the purpose of reproduction.
Many non-living substances such as fluids, hormones, and
pheromones are also important accessories to the reproductive
system. Unlike most organ systems, the sexes of differentiated
species often have significant differences. These differences allow
for a combination of genetic material between two individuals,
which allows for the possibility of greater genetic fitness of the
offspring.The major organs of the human reproductive system
include the external genitalia (penis and vulva) as well as a number
of internal organs including the gamete producing gonads (testicles
and ovaries). Diseases of the human reproductive system are very
common and widespread, particularly communicable
sexually transmitted diseases.
• Most other vertebrate animals have generally similar reproductive
systems consisting of gonads, ducts, and openings. However, there
is a great diversity of physical adaptations as well as
reproductive strategies in every group of vertebrates.
• Human reproduction takes place as internal fertilization by
sexual intercourse. During this process, the erect penis of the
male is inserted into the female's vagina until the male ejaculates
semen, which contains sperm, into the female's vagina. The
sperm then travels through the vagina and cervix into the uterus
or fallopian tubes for fertilization of the ovum. Upon successful
fertilization and implantation, gestation of the foetus then occurs
within the female's uterus for approximately nine months, this
process is known as pregnancy in humans. Gestation ends with
birth, the process of birth is known as labor. Labor consists of the
muscles of the uterus contracting, the cervix dilating, and the
baby passing out the vagina. Human's babies and children are
nearly helpless and require high levels of parental care for many
years. One important type of parental care is the use of the
mammary glands in the female breasts to nurse the baby.
• Humans have a high level of sexual differentiation. In addition to
differences in nearly every reproductive organ, numerous
differences typically occur in secondary sexual characteristics
and in sexual and parental behaviours.
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSEM
1. Pubic hair (shaved), 2.Clitoral hood, 3. Clitoris, 4.
Labia majora, 5. Labia minora (enclosing the
Vaginal Opening), 6. Perineum.
• The human female reproductive system is a series of organs
primarily located inside of the body and around the pelvic region of
a female that contribute towards the reproductive process. The
human female reproductive system contains three main parts: the
vagina, which acts as the receptacle for the male's sperm, the
uterus, which holds the developing fetus, and the ovaries, which
produce the female's ova. The breasts are also an important
reproductive organ during the parenting stage of reproduction.
• The vagina meets the outside at the vulva, which also includes the
labia, clitoris and urethra; during intercourse this area is lubricated
by mucus secreted by the Bartholin's glands. The vagina is
attached to the uterus through the cervix, while the uterus is
attached to the ovaries via the fallopian tubes. At certain intervals,
typically approximately every 28 days, the ovaries release an ovum
, which passes through the fallopian tube into the uterus. The lining
of the uterus, called the endometrium, and unfertilized ova are
shed each cycle through a process known as menstruation.
• Major secondary sexual characteristics include: a smaller stature, a
high percentage of body fat, wider hips, development of mammary
glands, and enlargement of breasts. Important sexual hormones of
females include estrogen and progesterone.
MALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
• 1. Testicles, 2. Epididymis, 3. Corpus cavernosa,
4. Foreskin, 5. Frenulum, 6. Urethral opening , 7.
Glans penis, 8. Corpus spongiosum, 9. Penis, 10.
Scrotum.
• The human male reproductive system is a series of organs located outside
of the body and around the pelvic region of a male that contribute towards
the reproductive process. The primary direct function of the male
reproductive system is to provide the male gamete or spermatozoa for
fertilization of the ovum.
• The major reproductive organs of the male can be grouped into three
categories. The first category is sperm production and storage. Production
takes place in the testes which are housed in the temperature regulating
scrotum, immature sperm then travel to the epididymis for development
and storage. The second category are the ejaculatory fluid producing glands
which include the seminal vesicles, prostate, and the vas deferens. The final
category are those used for copulation, and deposition of the spermatozoa (
sperm) within the female, these include the penis, urethra, vas deferens,
and Cowper's gland.
• Major secondary sexual characteristics include: larger, more muscular
stature, deepened voice, facial and body hair, broad shoulders, and
development of an adam's apple. An important sexual hormone of males is
androgen, and particularly testosterone
Development of the
reproductive system