PROJECT TITTLE: DESIGN OF A CULVERT.

CASE STUDY: MTONI KIJICHI ROAD(DARAJANI) STUDENT NAME: GAD LOI ADMISSION NUMBER: 100101P7285.

INTRODUCTION
Mtoni kijichi road is the paved road which is in Temeke Municipal, its 4 km and it is one of the main entrance and exit to Kijichi and Mbagara kuu. The road face the problem of overflowing of water during rainy season at the place called Darajani(150metre) which has culvert which is not sufficient to convey water during rain season hence causes overflowing of water over the road.

PROBLEM STATEMENT
Overflowing of water across the road at Darajani(Mtoni Kijichi paved road) during rainy season hindering the passage of people and traffic.

OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

To design the box culvert to convey water across the road at Darajani(Mtoni Kijichi paved road).

PROJECT OUT COME

To come out with the design that when implemented will solve the problem which is current facing the road for 20 years to come.

METHODOLOGY
Literature review Data collection Data analysis Design

LITERATURE REVIEW
Culvert is defined as a structure sized to convey surface water runoff under a highway, railroad, or other embankment. Whenever streams have to cross the roadway, facility for cross drainage is to be provided. Also often the water from the side drain is taken across by these cross drain in order to divert the water away from the road, to a water course or valley. The cross drainage structure commonly in use are culverts and bridges. When a small steam crosses a road with a linear waterway less than about 6 meter, the cross drainage structure provided is called culvert; for higher value of linear waterway the structure is called bridge.

The common types of culverts in use are; Slab culvert Box culvert Arch culvert Pipe culvert. In slab culverts reinforced concrete slab is placed over abutments made of masonry and the span is generally limited to 3metre. Box culverts of square or rectangular shapes is made of reinforced concrete. Arch culverts is generally built using brick or stone masonry, plain cement concrete may also be used. Pipe culverts of minimum diameter 75 cm and made of steel or prefabricated reinforced concrete is used when discharge is low.

Importance of culverts; To drain off surface and subsurface water on the road To prevent water remain stagnant along the side of the road To prevent the damages of the road pavement

Location of the culvert

Should be located at moderate flow of water Should not be placed at bend in water course It should be at the straight reach of the water course i.e. passing through the opening culvert. Should be located where there is no possibility of silting and scoring during functioning.

Structure detail of a culvert design; Barrel area is measured perpendicular to the flow and refers to the water area in the barrel. Barrel length is the total culvert length from the entrance to the exit of the culvert. Because the height of the barrel, barrel slope, and barrel skew influence the actual length, an approximation of the barrel length is usually necessary to begin the design process. Barrel roughness is a function of the material used t fabricate the barrel. Typical materials include concrete, corrugated metal and plastic. The roughness is represented by a hydraulic resistance coefficient such as the Mannings n value.

Barrel slope is the actual slope of the culvert barrel, and is often the same as the natural stream slope. Critical depth is the depth at which the specific energy of a given flow rate is at a minimum. For a given discharge and cross section geometry there is only one critical depth. Slope there are two classification of slope, steep and mild. steep slope occurs where the critical depth is greater than the normal depth, mild slope occurs where critical depth is less than normal depth. Headwater(HW), that depth of the water impounded upstream of the culvert due to the influence of the culvert constriction, friction, and configulation. Tailwater(TW), the depth of water a the out let of the culvert.

Part of the box culvert;

HIGHWAY DRAINAGE
is the process of removing and controlling excess surface and sub-soil water within the right of way. It is divided into two; i. Surface drainage: the removal and diversion of surface water from the roadway and adjoining land. ii. Sub-surface drainage: the removal of excess soil-water from the sub grade

The design of surface drainage system is divided into two parts

Hydraulic analysis Hydrologic analysis

Hydraulic analysis
Deal with designing facilities required to accommodate the estimated discharge Mannings formula is used

V=Allowable velocity of flow in the drain m/sec

n=Mannings roughness r=Hydraulic radius(cross section area of flow/wetted perimeter) S= longitudinal slope of channel Q=quantity of surface water m3/sec A=cross sectional area of channel m2

v= average velocity m/sec

Hydrological analysis
is used to determine the maximum quantity of water expected to reach the element of drainage system. Q=C.i.Ad Where Q=run-off (m3/sec ) C=run-off coefficient, expressed as the ratio of run-off to rate of rain fall, i=intensity of rainfall (mm/sec) Ad=drainage area in 1000m2

Design consideration; There are two procedures for designing culverts: (1) the manual use of inlet and outlet control nomographs and (2) the use of computer system such as HY8 Culvert Analysis Microcomputer Program.

The use of nomographs requires a trial and error solution and Inlet and Outlet Control, Inlet Control If the culvert is operating on a steep slope it is likely that the entrance geometry will control the headwater and the culvert will be on inlet control. Outlet Control If the culvert is operating on a mild slope, the outlet characteristics will probably control the flow and the culvert will be on outlet control. (Drainage manual 2000)

HW=H+ho-LS, ho=1/2(critical depth+D), Q=AV, List design data: Q = discharge L = culvert length S = culvert slope TW = tailwater depth V = velocity for trial diameter Ke = inlet loss coefficient D= diameter HW=headwater

Entrance loss coefficient, ke for outlet control, full or partly full

Type of structure
Box, reinforced concrete

Design of entrance
Wingwalls parallel(extension of side),square edged at crown

Coefficient value ke
0.7

Wingwalls at 10 to 25 degree to barrel, square at crown

Headwall parallel to embankment(no wingwalls) Square edged on 3 edges Rounded on 3 edges to radius of 1/12 barrel diamension Beveled edges on 3 sides Wingwalls at 30 to 75 degree to barrel Crown edge rounded to radiounof 1/12mbarrel dimension Beveled top edge Square edge crown Side or slope tapered inlet

0.5

0.5 0.2 0.2

0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2

Run-off Coefficient
The value of run-off coefficient C depends mainly on the type of surface and its slope as show in the table below; When the drainage area Ad consists of several types of surfaces with run-off coefficients c1, c2, c3, with their respective areas A1, A2, A3, the weighted value of run-off coefficient C is determined from; C=(A1C1+A2C2+A3C3+..)/(A1+A2+A3.) Type of the surface 1 2 3 Bituminous and cement concrete pavement Gravel and WBM pavement Impervious soil Value of run-off coefficient 0.8-0.9 0.35-0.70 0.4-0.65

4
5

Soil covered with turf

Pervious soil

0.3-0.55
0.05-0.3

Allowable velocity {v}

The velocity of unlined channel must be high enough to prevent silting and it should not be too high as to cause erosion. The allowable velocity of flow depends on the soil type Material of the drainage Cast iron pipe Maximum limiting velocity 3.5-4.5 m/s

Earthen channel

0.6-1.2m/s

Brick sewer pipe

1.5-2.5m/s

Stone ware sewer pipe

3.0-4.5m/s

Concrete sewer pipe

2.0-3.0m/s

Mannings roughness coefficient value ,nType of culvert Concrete culvert Concrete box Spiral rip metal pipe Corrugated polyethylene Roughness or corrugated Smooth Smooth Smooth smooth Mannings value 0.010-0.011 0.012-0.015 0.012-0.013 0.009-0.015

Corrugated polyethylene
Polyvinyl chloride PVC

Corrugated
Smooth

0.018-0.025
0.009-0.011

Data collection
The following data are required; Leveling data Rainfall data Catchment area

Levelling is the process of measuring the difference in elevation between two or more points. Levelling work is carried out side by side to give the centerline profile and typical cross section. The equipment used in leveling works are leveling staff, Dum level, wooden pags,measuring tape. The leveling work was taken along the whole road segment 150m. It was commenced from the TBM located at small topplate of a pipe culvert along the road. The readings were taken at interval of 20m at the centre line of the road and on right and left hand side of the existing road. The rise and fall method was used to compute the reduced level which is used to draw the longitudinal profile of road.

LEVELING DATA

LEVELING DATA
CHAINAGE BS TBM 0+000 1.485 1.720 1.740 1.700 0.040 0.235 0.020 IS FS RISE FALL RL 100 99.765 99.745 99.785 RIGHT CENTRE LEFT REMARKS

0+020

1.820
1.760 1.800 0.060

0.120

99.665
99.725

RIGHT
CENTRE LEFT RIGHT CENTRE

0.040 0.190 0.090

99.685 99.875 99.785

0+040

1.610 1.700

1.820
0+060 1.750 1.770 1.780 0+080 1.501 0.28 0.065

0.120

99.665
99.730

LEFT
RIGHT CENTRE LEFT RIGHT

0.020 0.010

99.710 99.700 99.980

CHAINAGE

BS 2.420

IS

FS 1.530

RISE

FALL 0.030

RL

REMARKS

99.950 100.770 100.200 100.270

CENTRE LEFT RIGHT CENTRE

1.601 0+100 2.170 2.100

0.820 0.570 0.070

2.089
0+120 1.380 1.540 1.600 0+140 1.010 0.390 0.210 0+160 1.540 1.890

0.011
0.709 0.140 0.060 0.590 0.620 0.810 1.330 0.350

100.281
100.990 100.850 100.790 100.380 102.000 102.810 101.480 101.130

LEFT
RIGHT CENTRE LEFT RIGHT CENTRE LEFT RIGHT CENTRE

1.960

0.070

101.060

LEFT

Figure; Longitudinal profile

Longitudinal profile

+000

0+020

0+040

0+060

0+080

0+100

0+120

0+140

Rain fall intensity i, data

Rain fall intensity The design value of the rain fall intensity (i) is to be determined for the expected duration of storm water to flow the remotest point in drainage area to the drain inlet which is estimated using the Time flow inlet chart. The time for water to flow through the drain between inlet and outlet points is determined based on the allowable velocity of flow in the drain, generally ranging from 0.3-1.5m/sec, depending on the soil type. The time of concentration or the duration of storm for design may be taken as the sum inlet time and time of flow through the drain. The frequency of occurrence of the storm or the return period may taken as 5; 10; 25; or 50 years. Consider the following equation for the determination of the rain fall intensity; T2= L/V (in sec) T= T1+T2 T = time of concentration or design value of rain fall duration T1= Inlet time T2= time of flow L= length of the drain V= Allowable Velocity of flow. With known value of coefficient of run off C and the Drainage area Ad, from the graph of rain fall intensity duration frequency curve, the rain fall intensity (i) is found in mm/sec corresponding to duration T and frequency of return period.

DAR PORT MONTHLY RAIINFALL

Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Jan 105.7 98.2 56.1 52.7 93.3 9.4 10.2 45.5 65.4 Feb 192.4 61.7 49.7 135.1 2.1 28.1 20.9 52.2 49.6 Mar 170.9 49.2 68 53.4 71 269.4 140.2 112.5 51.7 Apr 237.4 595.9 70.3 143.4 138.7 243.1 190.8 227.6 197 May 254.8 42.6 133.9 36.1 408.5 109.4 219.9 169.5 16.7 Jun 10.9 2.6 73.1 41.7 8.3 189.3 28.5 30.4 16.9 Jul 6 44.2 12.1 3.3 9.2 9 11.2 2.1 2.9 Aug 15.3 79.9 10 3.5 25.6 21.3 42.3 18.7 2.5 Sep 12.5 27 3.8 66.1 10.3 13.4 2.3 35.4 0.5 Oct 3.7 47.5 22.8 127.7 13.1 52.9 5.9 67 17.6 Nov 16.1 43.6 39.5 45.5 45 151.9 73.8 137.3 7.4 Dec 87.3 125.3 40.9 172.3 10 214.5 18.9 7.7 32.8

2010
2011 2012

52.3
9.5 3.6

54.1
34.4 31.1

77.7
40.6 84.1

353.4
205.1 210.4

74.1
72.2 97.5

21.8
13.2 7.8 m

5.8
3.7

15.9
19.9 8.1 m

20.7
38.3 m

0
22.7 m

45.6
77 m

88.1
235.1

RAINFALL INTENSITY IN mm/hr

15 MIN 2 YRS 5 YRS 92.08 117.48

30 MIN 65.04 84.18

1 HR 42.78 57.02

2 HRS 23.66 31.61

3 HRS 6 HRS 12 HRS 16.62 9.50 4.99

21.92 12.77 7.49

10 YRS

134.32

96.84

66.44

36.87

25.42 14.93 7.91

25 YRS

155.60

112.84

78.35

43.52

29.85 17.67 9.37

50 YRS

171.40

124.72

87.19

48.45

33.13 19.70 10.46

100 YRS

187.08

136.50

95.96

53.34

36.39 21.71 11.54

Drainage area(the area which drains rainfall into drainage) consists of; 1 pavement area 2 area of the adjoining land 3 area of land on the other side of drain, with there corresponding value of run-off coefficient C. From Chainage 0+00 to 0+150 Length of road(the length of the stretch of land parallel to the road from where water is expected to flow to the culvert)=150m Therefore drainage area consists of:A half width of Carriageway 3.4m, C=0.8 Width shoulder 1.35m, C=0.8 Drainage Area (Ad)=

Catchment Area(Ad)

CATCHMENT AREA (Ad)

Drainage area (the area which drains rainfall into drainage) consists of; 1 pavement area 2 area of the adjoining land 3 area of land on the other side of drain, with their corresponding value of run-off coefficient C. From Chainage 0+00 to 0+150 By using Simpsons rule the Drainage Area (Ad) = h/3(ho + hn+4*even+ +2*odd+) = 20/3 (50.8+32.4) +4(79.8+15.2+21.8+32.4) +2(17.7+101.3) Drainage Area (Ad) =5746.7m2

DATA ANALYSIS
THE LENGTH, WIDTH AND THE HEIGHT OF THE EXISTING CULVERT. The culvert which is current not sufficient with the quantity of water flowing through its Length = 8.5m, Width = 3m, Height = 3m RUN OFF COEFFICIENT The value of run off coefficient C This determined by the type of material to be used to construct the culvert, which is concrete material ranging from 0.3 - 0.55 Therefore run off coefficient C = 0.4 CATCHMENT AREA (Ad) Drainage area (the area which drains rainfall into drainage) consists of; 1 pavement area 2 area of the adjoining land 3 area of land on the other side of drain, with their corresponding value of run-off coefficient C. From Chainage 0+00 to 0+150 By using Simpsons rule the Drainage Area (Ad) = h/3(ho + hn+4*even+ +2*odd+) = 20/3 (50.8+32.4) +4(79.8+15.2+21.8+32.4) +2(17.7+101.3) Drainage Area (Ad) =2593788.7m2

HYDROLOGIC ANALYSIS
This involves determining three parameters which are used in calculating quantity of water (Q) to be drain according to the following equation: Q=C*I*A Determination of Rainfall intensity (I) T1 = 27 min, the drain inlet is estimated using the Time flow inlet chart. T2= L/v =8.5/2*60 =0.071min The time of concentration or the duration of storm for design may be taken as the sum inlet time and time of flow through the drain Tc = 27+0.071 = 27 min Quantity of run off From the rationale formula Q= C i Ad C=0.4 I =161mm/hr Ad=2593789m2 Q= (0.4 x 161 x 2593789 x 10-3)/3600 =34.8m3/sec =35m3/sec

CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF THE CULVERT

Q =A V A = Q/V V= 2m/sec Q =35m3/sec A =35/2 =17.5 Cross sectional area of the culvert =18m2 The designed width and height of the culvert which will the sufficient to convey water across the Kijichi road; Width = 6m Height = 3m and the length of 8.5m.

Designing of the culvert

REFERENCE
Drainage Manual. (2000). Craig, F. R. (2004). Soil Mechanic,3rd Edition. KHANNA, S. K. (1991). Highway Engineering. 7th Edition: Nem Chand & Bros, Civil lines. Schofield, W. (n.d.). Engineering Survey 5th Edition. Tanzania Work Ministry (1999). Tanzania Pavement and Material design.