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CONTENTS
PDH PCM Sampling Quantization Types of signal E1s definition, structure Why E1 is used? How to calculate the bit rate of E1 Applications of E1 Reports
Morning tracker Software distribution Types of alarms Types of muxes Final reports in morning tracker SDH STM Framing
The basis of analog to digital conversion is Shannons theory.The theory states that after transmission the original signal can be reproduced within certain limits from digital signal obtained by Sampling an analog at regular intervals and at a rate at least twice the highest significant message frequency. The PCM Consists of 3 steps. Sampling Quantization Coding
Sampling
Audio Signal T1 T2 T3
time
T4 T5 T6 T7 Sampler Output
Pulse Amplitude Modulated (PAM) signal 1. 2.
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
time
TYPES OF SIGNAL
Voice Video and high quality video Data
DEFINATION OF E1
In this E stands for Electrical A 2.048Mbps Point to Point dedicated,digital circuit provided by telephone company An E1 line uses two wire pairs(one for transmit and one for receive) and TDM to interleave 32 64kb/s voice or data channels
Signaling
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
WHY E1 IS USED?
As end users become ever more dependent on effective communications there has been an explosion in the demand for sophisticated telecom services. Services such as remote database access and multimedia file transfer etc require a flexible network. To implement those services telephone companies use E1 Line.
ANOTHER APPLICATIONS
BTS
Wireline Customers.
Leaseline Customers
REPORTS IN TRANSMISION
MORNING TRACKER
It consists of the Name of the Mux at which alarm is observed, the board and the slot of the board, along with the Port number.
SOFTWARE DISTRIBUTION
NMS is Divided into two Parts RM Remote Manager NM Network Manager
RM(REMOTE MANAGER)
It Shows each MUX and their connectivities with the other MUX
It contain Map of punjab Region by region It contains list of E1 and their path provided
CONNECTIVITIES OF MUXes
NM(NETWORK MANAGER)
Consists of Several sections , used for viewing muxes and their alarms
It shows alarms along with the level of SDH MST , TU 12 , VC 12 , AU4, P12, E1 MSTTP is the alarm for Multiplex Section
MORNING TRACKER
VISIBILITY TRACKER
DEGRADATION TRACKER
TYPES OF ALARMS
LOS AIS SSF DS U PLM Loss of Signal - Alarm indication Signal - Server Signal Failure - Degraded Signal - Unequipped - Payload Mismatch
DISTRIBUTION OF MUXes
3 types of MUXES used in transmission MUX 1642 MUX 1660 MUX 1662
ALARM SUBLIST:CRITICAL
High traffic
Bad weather
Attenuation of signal through fiber
ILM OCCURS AT
Comparison of PDH-SDH
PDH
The reference clock is not synchronized throughout the Network. Multiplexing / Demultiplexing Operations have to be performed from one level to the next level step by step. The payload is not transparent. It has different frame structures at different hierarchy levels. G.702 specifies maximum 45 Mbps and 140 Mbps and no higher order (faster) signal structure is not specified PDH system does not bear capacity to transport Broadband Signal. Few services are available Bit by Bit multiplexing
SDH
The reference clock is synchronized throughout the Network. The synchronous Multiplexing results in simple access to Multiplexed signals by pointer Evaluation. The payload is transparent. It has consistent frame structure throughout the hierarchy. G.707 specifies the 1st level of the SDH, that is STM-1.(STM-4,STM-16,STM-64) It is designed to be a transport medium for Broadband signals It will transport variety of services. Byte interleaved synchronous multiplexing
Need for extensive network management capability within the hierarchy. Standard interfaces between equipment. Need for inter-working between north American and European systems. Facilities to add or drop tributaries directly from a high speed signal.
SDH
SYNCHRONOUS :
DIGITAL:
HIERARCHY:
Sdh is an ITU-T standard for a high capacity telecom network. Sdh is a synchronous digital transport system, aim to provide a simple, economical and flexible telecom infrastructure. Demultiplexing is achieved by gating out the required bytes from the digital stream. This allows a single channel to be dropped from the data stream without demultiplexing intermediate rates as is required in PDH. A Set of Improved & Standardized Management Interfaces and Functions, allowing Digital Transmission Systems to inter-work in a multi-vendor environment.
SDH Rates
SDH is a transport hierarchy based on multiples of 155.52 Mbit/s The basic unit of SDH is STM-1:
STM-1 = 155.52 Mbit/s STM-4 = 622.08 Mbit/s STM-16 = 2588.32 Mbit/s STM-64 = 9953.28 Mbit/s
Each rate is an exact multiple of the lower rate therefore the hierarchy is synchronous
RSOH
AU Pointer
PAY LOAD
5-9 rows
MSOH
9 Columns
Sampling rate of a 3400 Hz voice channel -> 8000 Hz(After Applying Sampling Theorm fs>=2fm) 8000 Hz * 1 byte = 64 kbit/s 9 * 270 * 8 bit * 8000 Hz = 155.52 Mbit/s Basic data rate in SDH STM-1 -> Synchronous Transport Module Level-1
J0 Regenerator Section Trace Its used to transmit a Section Access Point Identifier so that a section receiver can verify its continued connection to the intended transmitter Identifies by a number in the individual STM 1s of a higher order STM - n
This byte is allocated to be used as a local order wire channel for voice communication between regenerators
F1 User Channel
This byte is set aside for the users purposes
This is used to determine if a transmission error has occurred over a multiplex section. It is even parity, and is calculated over all bits of the MS Overhead and the STM-N frame (except the regenerator section) of the previous STM-N frame before scrambling
The value is placed in the three B2 bytes of the MS Overhead before scrambling. These bytes are provided for all STM-1 signals in an STM-N signal
These two bytes are used for MSP signaling between multiplex
level entities for bi-directional automatic protection switching and for communicating Alarm Indication Signal (AIS) and Remote Defect Indication (RDI) conditions. D4 to D12 Data Communication Channel These nine bytes form a 576 kbps DCC for Operation & management of the multiplexers on a SDH line. Network management system sends / receives provisioning, security, status / control alarm and performance monitoring command / response by way of DCC.
E2 Engineering Order wire This byte is allocated to be used as a local order wire channel for voice communication between multiplexers This byte is not accessible at the regenerators
M1 Remote Error indication It is used to indicate the MS layer remote error indication (MS-REI)
Path Overhead
J1- Path trace
Starting point of VC It is used to transmit repetitively a path access point identifier, similar to J0
C2 Signal Label
It is defined to indicate the composition or the maintenance of the VC-4
It is defined to send back the path status and performance to where the path is generated
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