LED LIGHTING

A Brief History of Lighting

A light emitting diode (LED) is essentially a PN junction opto-semiconductor that emits a monochromatic (single color) light when operated in a forward biased direction. LEDs convert electrical energy into light energy.

Characteristics to be considered..
a. Luminous efficacy Luminous flux Lamp power and ballast losses b. Lamp life Lumen depreciation during burning hours Mortality c. Quality of light Spectrum Correlated color temperature (CCT) Color rendering index (CRI)

d. Effect of ambient circumstances Voltage variations Ambient temperature Switching frequency Switch-on and restrike time e. Luminaire Lamp size, weight and shape Luminance Auxiliaries needed (ballast, starter, etc.) Total luminous flux Directionality of the light, size of the luminous element f. Purchase and operation costs Lamp price Lamp life Luminous efficacy

TECHNOLOGY

TECHNOLOGY

The chip has two regions separated by a junction. The p region is dominated by positive electric charges, and the n region is dominated by negative electric charges. The junction acts as a barrier to the flow of electrons between the p and the n regions.

Each time an electron recombines with a positive charge, electric potential energy is converted into electromagnetic energy. For each recombination of a negative and a positive charge, a quantum of electromagnetic energy is emitted in the form of a photon of light with a frequency characteristic of the semi-conductor material.

Luminescence is the process behind light emission

Luminescence is a term used to describe the emission of radiation from a solid when the solid is supplied with some form of energy. Electroluminescence - excitation results from the application of an electric field. In a p-n junction diode injection electroluminescence occurs resulting in light emission when the junction is forward biased.

Excitation

How does it work?

Injection Luminescence in LED

Under forward bias majority carriers from both sides of the junction can cross the depletion region and entering the material at the other side. Upon entering, the majority carriers become minority carriers For example, electrons in n-type (majority carriers) enter the p-type to become minority carriers The minority carriers will be larger - minority carrier injection Minority carriers will diffuse and recombine with the majority carrier. For example, the electrons as minority carriers in the p-region will recombine with the holes. Holes are the majority carrier in the p-region. The recombination causes light to be emitted Such process is termed radiative recombination.

Testing LEDs

Never connect an LED directly to a battery or power supply! LEDs must have a resistor in series to limit the current to a safe value, for quick testing purposes a 1k resistor is suitable for most LEDs if your supply voltage is 12V or less.

Finding the Energy from the Voltage

Suppose you measured the voltage across the leads of an LED, and you wished to find the corresponding energy required to light the LED. Let us say that you have a red LED, and the voltage measured between the leads of is 1.71 Volts. So the Energy required to light the LED is

E = qV or E = -1.6 x 10-19 (1.71) Joule,

since a Coulomb-Volt is a Joule. Multiplication of these numbers then gives E = 2.74 x 10-19 Joule.

Colors and materials

Blue LEDs

Bright blue LEDs are based on semiconductors GaN (gallium nitride) and InGaN (indium gallium nitride). They can be added to existing red and green LEDs to produce the impression of white light. Modules combining the three colors are used in big video screens and in adjustable-color fixtures.

Ultraviolet LEDs

Aluminium gallium nitride (AlGaN) of varying Al/Ga fraction can be used to manufacture the cladding and quantum well layers for ultraviolet LEDs. UV LED emitting at 250270 nm are to be expected in prospective disinfection and sterilization devices. Recent research has shown that commercially available UVA LEDs (365 nm) are already effective disinfection and sterilization devices.

White light

Two primary ways of producing white light-emitting diodes One is to use individual LEDs that emit three primary colorsred, green, and blueand then mix all the colors to form white light. The other is to use a phosphor material to convert monochromatic light from a blue or UV LED to broadspectrum white light

Schematic representation of the two main approaches to create white light using LEDs

Organic LED

An OLED (organic light-emitting diode) is a lightemitting diode (LED) in which the emissive electroluminescent layer is a film of organic compound which emits light in response to an electric current. This layer of organic semiconductor is situated between two electrodes. Generally, at least one of these electrodes is transparent. OLEDs are used to create digital displays in devices such as television screens, computer monitors, portable systems such as mobile phones, handheld games consoles and PDAs.

Architecture of OLEDs

Substrate (clear plastic, glass, foil) - The substrate supports the OLED. Anode (transparent) - The anode removes electrons (adds electron "holes") when a current flows through the device. Organic layer: Conducting layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules that transport "holes" from the anode. One conducting polymer used in OLEDs is polyaniline. Emissive layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules (different ones from the conducting layer) that transport electrons from the cathode; this is where light is made. One polymer used in the emissive layer is polyfluorene. Cathode (may or may not be transparent depending on the type of OLED) - The cathode injects electrons when a current flows through the device.

LED characterization

Spectral power distribution (SPD): In color science and radiometry, a spectral power distribution (SPD) describes the power per unit area per unit wavelength of an illumination (radiant exitance), or more generally, the per-wavelength contribution to any radiometric quantity. Spatial light distribution: An important criterion of lighting quality is the way in which the light is spatially is distributed, as this determines the pattern of illuminances that will be created. The illuminance recommendations applicable to indoor lighting can be implemented in a number of ways. The light sources can be spread fairly evenly using a system of socalled general lighting (as in a heavy-industry environment); it can be concentrated in certain areas using localized lighting (as in a hotel room); or it can be distributed throughout the space but with local accent where needed using a combination of the two systems just mentioned (as in shops).

Color rendering index (CRI) : The color rendering index (CRI) is a quantitative measure of the ability of a light source to reproduce the colors of various objects faithfully in comparison with an ideal or natural light source. Light sources with a high CRI are desirable in color-critical applications such as photography and cinematography. It is defined by the International Commission on Illumination as follows: Color rendering: Effect of an illuminant on the color appearance of objects by conscious or subconscious comparison with their color appearance under a reference illuminant.

Correlated color temperature (CCT): The color temperature of a light source is the temperature of an ideal black body radiator that radiates light of comparable hue to that of the light source. In practice, color temperature is only meaningful for light sources that do in fact correspond somewhat closely to the radiation of some black body, i.e. those on a line from reddish/orange via yellow and more or less white to blueish white; it does not make sense to speak of the color temperature of e.g. a green or a purple light. Color temperature is conventionally stated in the unit of absolute temperature, the kelvin, having the unit symbol K. The correlated color temperature (Tcp) is the temperature of the Planckian radiator whose perceived color most closely resembles that of a given stimulus at the same brightness and under specified viewing conditions

Types of LEDs
Miniature Mid-range High-power

Incandascent, cfl vs led

Comparison Chart LED Lights vs. Incandescent Light Bulbs vs. CFLs

ADVANTAGES

Efficiency Color Size On/Off time Cycling Dimming Cool light Slow failure Lifetime Shock resistance Focus No mercury

DISADVANTAGES
High initial price Temperature dependence Voltage sensitivity Light quality Area light source

APPLICATIONS
Indicators and signs One-color light is suited for traffic lights and signals, exit signs, emergency vehicle lighting, ships' navigation lights LEDs have been used in brake lights for cars' highmounted brake lights, trucks, and buses. Light can be used to transmit broadband data, which is already implemented in IrDA standards using infrared LEDs. Because LEDs can cycle on and off millions of times per second, they can be wireless transmitters and access points for data transport.

Lighting LED street lights are employed on poles and in parking garages. LEDs are used in aviation lighting. LEDs are also being used now in airport and heliport lighting. LEDs are also suitable for backlighting for LCD televisions and lightweight laptop displays and light source for DLP projectors LEDs are used increasingly in aquarium lights. LEDs are now used commonly in all market areas from commercial to home use: standard lighting, AV, stage, theatrical, architectural, and public installations, and wherever artificial light is used

Security Lighting: Bank drive up

Wall packs

Street Lighting

High Bay Warehouse Lighting

runway in airports

Airplane Lighting

Solar Products Using LEDs

Solar Lantern Solar Aviation Light Solar Street Light Solar Traffic Light Solar Road Delineator Solar Road Stud Solar Home Lighting System

50W LED solar street lighting system

Solar street light

Specifications:

Mono-crystalline Solar Panel (40W 190W) 3-year Maintenance Free Battery LED Streetlamp (12W 60W) 10-year lifetime Turns lights on/off automatically at dusk/dawn

Features: All power from solar, no ongoing electrical costs Save on cable costs since no wires needed between poles Battery box and panels installed close to lamp fixture to avoid energy loss and theft Super easy and super fast installation

LED Solar Road Stud

Advantages of OLEDs

Thinner, lighter and more flexible Brighter Consume much less power Easier to produce and make into larger sizes wide viewing angle

Applications of OLEDs

TVs Cell Phone screens Computer Screens Keyboards (Optimus Maximus) Lights Portable Divice displays

OLEDs as a Light Source

Flexible

OLED Televisions
Sony Released XEL-1 in February 2009. First OLED TV sold in stores. 11'' screen, 3mm thin $2,500 MSRP Weighs approximately 1.9 kg Wide 178 degree viewing angle 1,000,000:1 Contrast ratio

Optimus Maximus Keyboard

Small OLED screen on every key 113 OLED screens total Each key can be programmed to preform a series of functions Keys can be linked to applications Display notes, numerals, special symbols, HTML codes, etc... SD card slot for storing settings

Future Uses for OLED

Scroll Laptop Nokia concept OLED Laptop

CASE STUDY
Gas Station: Batavia, Illinois 20 each, 400w HPS fixtures = 9,740 total watts Replaced with 20 each Best-LED retrofit fixtures = total 1,160 watts With Improved light output 12 hours per day, 365 days per year, total hours 4,380 hours per year

Current annual kWh New annual kWh Annual kWh saved

Current Energy Costs New LED Costs

= 42,661 = 5,081 = 37,580 at $0.10 per kWh = $4,266 per year = $ 508

Annual Energy Savings = $3,758 88% Energy Savings!! + No Bugs