Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Micro-Anatomy of the Urinary System Nephron functional or working unit of the kidney
@ 1 million / kidney
What size substances are filtered? Examples of substances that cannot filter.
Elimination of excess water Elimination of waste products of metabolism. ie. Urea, creatinine, etc. ** These two substances are sometimes measured to determine if unknown fluid is urine.
Retention of substances necessary for normal body function ( glucose, amino acide, etc) Regulation of electrolyte balance and osmotic pressure of body fluids (BP)
Hormone production
What hormones are produced by the kidney?
Renin enzyme like substance that acts on plasma angiotensinogen ---- Angiotensin I.which becomes Angiotensin II and causes vasocontriction of arteries , and other things Kidneys responsible for long term regulation and maintenance of blood pressure.
Routine Urinalysis
What substances make-up urine?
Routine Urinalysis
Composition
Normal constituents
Routine Urinalysis
How should the urine specimen be collected?
Routine Urinalysis
How should the urine specimen be collected?
Routine Urinalysis
How should the urine specimen be
preserved? Why?
Routine Urinalysis
What happens to the urine sample over time?
Why?
Urine Testing
Physical properties
Urine Testing
Physical properties
Color review the normal and abnormal colors of urine - *** and what causes them (urochrome, bilirubin, blood, homogentisic acid, etc.) Know the abnormals as well.
Urine Testing
Physical properties
Volume For routine UA, not normally measured Review the terms used to describe urine volume characteristics.
Urine Testing
Physical properties
Clarity / transparency
Urine Testing
Physical properties
Urine Testing
Physical properties
Specific Gravity
What is it? / what does it say about the specimen? What is isosthenuria ?
Urine Testing
Chemical properties Review dipstick chemical reactions,
Know indicators
Urine Testing
Chemical properties Handling and Storage
Keep strips in original container, stored at RT Protect from moisture and volatile fumes Use before expiration date Do not touch reagent pad areas
Urine Testing
Chemical properties
Testing cold specimens Not mixing samples before dipping Leaving the dipstick in the specimen too long Not blotting away the excess Inadequate / improper timing Bad lighting Not being familiar with color chart and changes
Urine Testing
Chemical properties
Use of commercial controls and course of action if results are not as expected
Urine Testing
Chemical properties
Back-up tests?
Urine Testing
Chemical properties
Urine Testing
Chemical properties
Urine Testing
Chemical properties
Urine Testing
Chemical properties
What characteristics (physical, chemical, microscopic) does a urine from a diabetic exhibit?
Urine Testing
Chemical properties
What urine results would you expect to see from a child with a fever lasting 2 days?
Ascending: Most often infectious agents ascend up the urethra - bladder ureters - into the kidney (if unchecked)
Cystitis inflammation of the bladder wall, often associated with infection Urethritis - inflammation of the urethra
Glomerular nephritis - refers to sterile inflammatory process affecting glomerulus Pyelonephritis - When the inflammation is caused by an infection, the term pyelonephritis is used
Decreased serum albumin Many abnormal UA (as well as chemistry and clinical) results
Uremia old term no longer used; literal meaning is urine in the blood
Microscopic Sediment
A number of slides with microscopic
Sometimes called bladder cells, may be more often found in elderly. Can be found as fragments or as reactive.
Microscopic Sediment
A number of slides with microscopic
elements
envelope; may be dumbbell shaped. Usually appear as a square with a retractile cross
Microscopic Sediment
A number of slides with microscopic
elements
Alkaline
Microscopic Sediment
A number of slides with microscopic
elements
The rarely ever seen, abnormal crystals
Cystine
Tyrosine Leucine Bilirubin (occasionally seen in premies) Cholesterol
Microscopic Sediment
A number of slides with microscopic
elements
Microscopic
What are oval fat bodies? How can you (quickly,cheaply) provide
Microscopic