RAJ KUMAR GOEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

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BARCODE TECHNOLOGY

By: SWATI GUPTA B.Tech. Sixth Semester(0703321052) Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Introduction of Barcode
Bar Code is a method of automatic identification and data collection. Bar Code has a series of bars and spaces representing alphanumerical information. Bar Code uses the binary system for coding and decoding. Each bar represents 1 s and space represent 0 of binary system . Barcode, also known as Universal Product Code (UPC) Barcode.

Example of the bar code from a 3-liter bottle of Diet Coke

Here the Coke's manufacturer ID is 049000. However, at 2-liter bottle the UPC code is much shorter -- only eight digits total.

Check Digit
The last digit of the UPC code is called a check digit.

1.

2. 3. 4. 5.

Add together the value of all of the digits in odd positions (digits 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11). 0 + 5 + 7 + 1 + 4 + 2 = 19 Multiply that number by 3. 19 * 3 = 57 Add together the value of all of the digits in even positions (digits 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10). 7 + 6 + 8 + 6 + 1 = 28 Add this sum to the value in step 2. 57 + 28 = 85 Take the number in Step 4. To create the check digit, determine the number that, when added to the number in step 4, is a multiple of 10. 85 + 5 = 90

The check digit is therefore 5

Coupon Code

The coupon code is interesting (number system character 5). The 43000 is Post's manufacturer ID. The next three digits (186) are called the family code. The next two digits (70) are a value code. The final digit is the normal check digit . Decodes the family code Checks to make sure the customer purchased an item from the family Decodes the value code Sends the discount back to the cash register

When the coupon is scanned the POS computer: 1. 2. 3. 4.

History of UPC Barcode

1952 First patent was issued to Joseph Woodland & Bernard Silver. 1973 Mr. George Laurer of IBM conducted research work and invented a code in rectangular bars. The Universal Product Code was the first bar code symbology widely adopted in April 1973. 1974 UPC become the first consumer item ever scanned and that was the beginning of the bar code world. 1976 UPC led to the adoption of the EAN code format, similar to UPC, in December 1976.

Barcode Technology

Bar Code technology became universally accepted in 1966. Barcode has three major components a)Software installed in a computer generates a unique bar codethe black & white lines which actually represents a unique identification tag. b)Special bar code printer printed & pasted on product. c)Bar code reader reads & identifies the unique code & matches with the details of product already present in the computer.

Representation Of Barcode

A barcode is an Optical Machine-Readable representation of data, which shows the certain data on certain product. It can be represented in two formsa.) 1D or Linear barcode representation. b.) 2D or Matrix barcode representation. a.) 1D or Linear representation : if barcode represented data in width ( lines) & the spacing of parallel lines, then it will be referred to as a 1D or Linear barcode representation . b.) 2D or Matrix representation : if the barcode represented in squares, dots, hexagon & other geometric patterns with in image termed as 2D or Matrix barcode representation.

1D & 2D Generation Barcode Example

1D BARCODE EXAMPLE : a.) UPC-A barcode symbol : first & last digit always placed outside the symbol to indicate quiet zones that the necessary for barcode scanners to work properly.

b.) EAN-13 barcode symbol : first digit is always placed outside the symbol, additionally right quiet indicator (>) is used to indicate quiet zone, that are necessary for barcode scanner to work properly.

Continued

2D BARCODE EXAMPLE : 1.) Boiler plate text as four segment data matrix 2D :

2.) semacode data matrix 2D :

Continued
3.) QR code : Quick Response the most popular 2D barcode in Japan is promoted by Google .

4.) High Capacity Color Barcode :

Advantages & Disadvantages of Barcode

Advantages of Barcode:1. 2. Speed -- For 12 characters of data, keyboard entry takes 6 seconds. Scanning a 12 character barcode takes .3 seconds. Accuracy -- The error rate for typing is one substitution error in every 300 characters types. Error rated for barcode range from 1 substitution error in every 15,000 to 36 trillion characters scanned

Disadvantage Of Barcode 1. Source of additional cost -- The only disadvantage is that data is coded in the barcode. This can be an additional cost.

However the key to an effective barcode system is to generate the barcode as cost to the source of the data as possible.

Barcode Types
Universal Product Code(UPC) and European Article Number (EAN) in general are the two types of bar codes. Grocery industry formally established UPC as the standard bar code symbology for product marking. There are five versions of UPC & two versions of EAN code. The valid characters are 0,1,2.9. Out of five versions of UPC code two versions namely UPC-A and UPC-E are widely used. Other three versions namely UPC-B, UPC-C and UPC-D are not in wide use. Two versions of EAN are EAN-13 and EAN-8.

Versions of UPC Barcode

There are five versions of UPC
UPC version A It is the basic version of UPC and is usually seen on grocery store items. This is the symbology that encodes 12 digits. Grocery industry formally established UPC as the standard bar code symbology for product marking. UPC Version E UPC version E is the next most common version of UPC. It is a zero suppression version of UPC. The code is smaller because it drops out zeros which would otherwise occur in a symbol. Other Versions:1. UPC version B is a special version originally developed to handle the National Drug Code and National Health Related Items Code. It allows for 11 digits plus one product type code. This version does not have any modulo check digit.

2. UPC version C is a special code designed to promote industry-wide compatibility. The code is 12 digits long with a product type digit and a modulo check sum digit.
3. UPC version D is a variable message length version of UPC. The symbol must contain at least 12 digits. The first digit is a product type code. This is followed by 10 information carrying digits. The twelfth digit is a modulo check sum, and this is followed by a variable number of digits.

Versions of EAN
There are two versions of EAN

EAN 8
EAN-8 is an 8 digit code. EAN-8 has a left hand guard pattern, four odd parity digits, a center guard pattern, four even parity digits, and a right hand guard pattern. An EAN-8 bar code has two flag digits, five data digits and one check digit.

EAN 13
EAN-13 is a 13 digit code. Standard EAN has 10 numeric characters, 2 or 3 flag characters which are usually a code for the country of EAN and a check digit. It is identical to UPC version A. The thirteen digits are divided into three blocks: country code, item number, check digit.

Supported Barcode

Coda bar - both USS and Traditional format supported Code 128 - full ASCII character set supported Code 25 - also known as Interleaved 2 or 5, supported with and without check digit Code 39 - supported with and without check code Code 93 - full ASCII character set supported EAN 128 - all application identifiers supported, plus composite component EAN 13 - including add on and composite component EAN 8 - including composite component JAN 13 - variation of EAN 13 used in Japan JAN 8 - variation of EAN 8 used in Japan UPC A - including add on and composite component UPC E - including add on and composite component

UPC vis--vis EAN

Item

UPC Version

EAN Version

No. of digits First overhead digit or first two characters Scanning ability

12 (10 digits + 2 overhead digits) Type of Product UPC scanner cannot read EAN Symbol

13 (12 digits + 1 overhead digits) Country of EAN EAN scanner can read UPC Symbol

Barcode Applications
Bar Code is essentially used for 100% accurate The major applications are & speedy data entry.

Retail Manufacturing Quality control Packing Ware housing Service industry such as Courier Industry, Hospital and Library Management Export Industry

Thanks