Course 3

The chemical bonds

Bonds Between Atoms

Polyatomic Ions Ionic Covalent Metallic

Molecular Substance

Network Solids

Polar
Nonpolar Coordinate Covalent
2

What are we going to learn about???

See if you can define the following words before starting the lesson Anion- negative ion Cation-positive ion Octet Rule- rule that states that atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons so that each atom has full outermost energy level which is typically 8 electrons. Polyatomic Ion- charged group of covalently bound atoms Monatomic Ion- ion formed from a single atom Molecule-neutral group of atoms united by covalent bonds Alloy- homogeneous mixture of metals Unshared Pair- pair of electrons that is not involved in bonding but instead is held exclusively by one atom.

The Chemical Bonds

Chemical bond
The chemical bonds are formed by the valence electrons (the electrons from the exterior shell) due to the electronic interactions. Its characterized by the distance, called bonds length (O-H : 96 pm) and by the energy (O-H : 437 kJ/mol) There are several type of chemical bond that allow to classified different compounds
4

The Chemical Bonds

1.The Ionization Energy represents the energy necessary for one electron to leave the last shell.

I in group

< I > = Joule, eV I in period

2. Affinity is the energy necessary for accepting one electron on the last shell of one atom.

A in group < A > = J, eV A in period

3. XR = Relative Electronegativity tendency of an atom or a functional group to attract electrons (or electron density) towards itself

< X > = J, eV AB XR, A XR, B XR, AB = XR, A XR, B

5

We can have: A A, covalent non polar bond C H, covalent non - polar bond M M, metallic bond A+ B-, ionic bond A B, covalent polar bond XR, AB = 0 XR, AB > 2.3 0< XR, AB < 2.3

a)

b) c)

The Ionic Bond An ionic bond (or electrovalent bond) is a type of chemical bond that can often form between metal and non-metal ions (or polyatomic ions such as ammonium) through electrostatic attraction. In short, it is a bond formed by the attraction between two oppositely charged ions.

The metal donates one or more electrons, forming a positively charged ion or cation with a stable electron configuration. These electrons then enter the non metal, causing it to form a negatively charged ion or anion which also has a stable electron configuration. The electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged ions causes them to come together and form a bond.
7

The Ionic Bond e.g.: NaF

23 11

Na0

1e

23

11Na

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s

1e

1e 1

[ 1s2 2s2 2p6 ]+

oxidation

17

9F

17

9F

1s2 2s2 3p5

1e

[ 1s2 2s2 2p6 ]-

reduction

Properties of the ionic substances

The driving force in an ionic substance is the electrostatic force (attractive among differently charged ions, repulsive among ions of same sign). Felectrostatic strong forces in solids, orientating ions of alternative charges solid crystalline state: breakable, with medium mechanical properties

optical properties: transparent, colored or colorless: used as optical prisms (KCl, KF)
conduction properties: the conduction is possible in the presence of free charges: - solid state (charges in fixed positions): insulators - liquid state (melts and solutions) the charges are free to move: ionic conductors Solubility ionic substances are soluble in polar substances
9

Metallic bonds
Metallic bonding is the bonding between atoms within metals. It involves the sharing of free electrons among a lattice of metal atoms. Metallic bonds may be compared to molten salts. The electrons and the positive ions in the metal have a strong attractive force between them. Therefore metals often have high melting or boiling points. The principle is similar to that of ionic bonds. Three-dimensional packing of metallic ions

Iron: central cubic crystalline structure

Copper: central cubic with central faces crystalline structure

10

Covalent Bonds

What is an Covalent Bond?

- A covalent bond is a chemical bond resulting from SHARING of electrons between 2 bonding atoms.

What forms a covalent bond? - A covalent bond is formed between two nonmetals.

11

The covalent bond

Non polar covalent bonds

Between two identical atoms. Simple covalent molecules example:

Hydrogen: simple bond Oxygen: double bond Nitrogen: triple bond Represent one free electron pair which impose some special properties: - Lewis acidity; - possible intermolecular interactions (noncovalent bonds)

12

Polar covalent bonds

Between two different atoms a) Molecular compounds Finite structure C = O, carbon monoxide polar substance (easily absorbed by blood lethal intoxication)
carbon dioxide CO2 (responsible for the greenhouse effect)

Polar bonds Polar molecule

Polar bonds Non-Polar molecule

13

CCl4 - try to see the symmetry in this substance: (Carbon tetrachloride ) because this properties induces the non polarity

Non polar substances: CH4 (methane), HC CH (acetylene), C6H6 (benzene) Polar substances: H2O, NH3, HX, SO2, SO3, NxOy.

The multiplicity: H H Simple covalent bond: H H, H C H , H O H .. ,HNH H

14

Double covalent bond:

O = O, O = C = O HO \ S HO \\ O O sulfuric acid

H3C \ C=O H3C acetone

15

Triple covalent bonds: N N, H C N, H C C R Do you know what represent the hybridization? It is a process due to each electrons from the last shell (in the carbon atom) on the s and p orbitals get the same energy and become equivalent. For example in the acetylene molecule the carbon atoms are hybridized sp and there are two bond types: one type is the bond for C H bond and C C bond and the other is the bond (the other two bonds in C = C). So, the covalent bond is formed with minimum two electrons (one for each atom) and maximum 6 electrons (three for each atom).

16

Polyatomic Bonds
Polyatomic ions usually have a charge because the collection of atoms has either gained an extra electron or else it has lost an electron.

What is a Polyatomic Bond? - A polyatomic bond is charged group of covalently bonded atoms. It is made up of more than one atom.
17

Linear

Trigonal Planer

Trigonal Bipyramidal Tetrahedral Octahedral

18

b) Macromolecular compounds and polymers Infinite structure Its formed by the condensation of small molecules

19

Poly(ethylene)terephtalate (PET)

20

c) Crystalline covalent solids Three-dimensional packing of infinite number of atoms bonded in a covalent manner.

Other examples: diamond, graphite

d) Amorphous covalent solids E.g. Glass, plastics

21

Ion dipole bonds and the metal complex (coordination bonds)

Between an metal ion (usually a cation) and a polar molecule

Notes: 1) This bond its usually considered as a non-covalent bond; 2) One molecule can contain different type of chemical bond.
(in this case we have coordination bond and covalent bond)
22

Intermolecular bonds 1. The van der Waals bond: between non polar molecules Characteristic: very weak but additive E.g.: Small molecule: H2, O2, N2, CO2. gases Large molecule: -(- CH2 CH2 -)n- polymer (solid) Solubility YES in non polar solvents (C6H6, CCl4) NO: in polar solvents (H2O) Conductivity: insulators 2. the Keessom bond: polar molecule polar molecule < 1 + - dipol + dipol - bond (weak force)

3. Hydrogen bonds (dipole dipole) Length OH 180 200 pm Degree HOH 120-180

23

If you chose

24

If you chose

25

If you chose

26

If you chose

27

If you chose

28

If you chose

29