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DEFINITION
Definition of Controlling
Control consists of verifying whether
everything occurs in conformity with the plan adopted, the instruction issued and principles established
Henry Fayol
Definition of Controlling
Controlling is a systematic exercise which is
called as a process of checking actual performance against the standards with a view to ensure adequate progress -Brech
Definition of Controlling
"Controlling is determining what is being
accomplished - that is, evaluating performance and, if necessary, applying corrective measures so that performance takes place according to plans".
Terry and Franklin
CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTROL
Characteristics of Control
Control is a continuous process.
Characteristics of Control
Control is forward-looking.
Performance Measuring
Setting Standards
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Establish Standards
Standards are the plans or the targets which
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Classification of Standards
Measurable or tangible
Non-measurable or intangible-
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Measurable or tangible
Those standards which can be measured
and expressed are called as measurable standards. They can be in form of cost, output, expenditure, time, profit, etc.
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deviation of workers, their attitudes towards a concern. These are called as intangible standards.
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Performance Measuring
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Performance Measuring
Finding out deviations becomes easy
through measuring the actual performance. It is sometimes done through various reports like weekly, monthly, quarterly, yearly reports.
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Performance Measuring
Measurement of tangible standards is
easy as it can be expressed in units, cost, money terms, etc. Measurements must be accurate enough to spot deviations or variances between what really occurs and what is most desired.
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the planned targets is very important. Deviation can be defined as the gap between actual performance and the planned targets.
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deviation Extent of deviation means that the manager has to find out whether the deviation is positive or negative or whether the actual performance is in conformity with the planned performance.
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deviation Once the deviation is identified, a manager has to think about various cause which has led to deviation.
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ineffective, etc.
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known, the manager has to detect those errors and take remedial measures for it.
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which have occurred; and After taking the corrective measures, if the actual performance is not in conformity with plans, the manager can revise the targets.
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improve things. Management-by-Exception focuses managerial attention on substantial differences between actual and desired performance.
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time, energy, and other resources, and concentrates efforts on areas showing the greatest need. There are two types of exceptions: Problems - below standard Opportunities - above standard
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Effective Controls
The Best Controls in Organizations are
Strategic and results oriented Understandable Encourage self-control
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Effective Controls
The Best Controls in Organizations are
Timely and exception oriented Positive in nature Fair and objective Flexible
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Types of Control
Preliminary
Sometimes called the feedforward controls, they are accomplished before a work activity begins. They make sure that proper directions are set and that the right resources are available to accomplish them.
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Types of Control
Concurrent
Focus on what happens during the work process. Sometimes called steering controls, they monitor ongoing operations and activities to make sure that things are being done correctly.
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Types of Control
Postaction
Sometimes called feedback controls, they take place after an action is completed. They focus on end results, as opposed to inputs and activities.
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Types of Controls
Managers have two broad options with respect to control. They can rely on people to exercise self-control (internal) over their own behavior. Alternatively, managers can take direct action (external) to control the behavior of others.
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Types of Control
Internal Controls
Allows motivated individuals to exercise selfcontrol in fulfilling job expectations.
The potential for self-control is enhanced when capable people have clear performance objectives and proper resource support.
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Types of Control
External Controls
It occurs through personal supervision and the use of formal administrative systems.
Performance appraisal systems, compensation and
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Strategy and objectives Policies and procedures Selection and training Performance appraisal Job design and work structures Performance modeling, norms, and organization culture
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reprimand. Progressive Discipline ties reprimand to the severity and frequency of the employees infractions. Positive Discipline tries to involve people more positively and directly in making decisions to improve their behavior.
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Occur in a supportive
personality Consistent
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and services. Economic value added - examine the value added by all activities. Understand the implication of key financial measures of (ratios) organizational performance
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Just-In-Time Scheduling
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limits, that can be graphically and statistically monitored to ensure that products meet standards.
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