LAB 7: SPECTROGRAM & WHALE SOUND

Students: -Dng Thanh M 09DT2 -Nguyn Vn Lyra 09DT2 -L H Bo Ngc 09DT2

Goals
O Definition & application of

SPECTROGRAM and MULTIPATH O How to build SPECTROGRAM O Characteristic of MULTIPATH O How to simulate all of them using MATLAB

spectrum

spectrogram

The horizontal axis represents time. O The vertical axis is frequency O A third dimension indicating the amplitude of a particular frequency at a particular time is represented by the intensity or colour of each point in the image.

Short time fourier transform

Window sizes effection

O A wide window gives better frequency

resolution but poor time resolution. O A narrower window gives good time resolution but poor frequency resolution. These are called narrowband and wideband transforms, respectively.

Build spectrogram

Spectrograms
O Spectrograms can be used to identify

spoken words phonetically , and to analyse the various calls of animals. O They are used extensively in the development of the fields of music, sonar, radar, and speech processing, seismology

Simulation using Matlab

Time & Frequency resolution

Part 3: Multipath in the ocean

O -What it Multipath?
- Multipath in the ocean - Simulation multipath

What is Multipath?
O When the transmitter and receiver are at different

locations, the analog of echoes is that the receiver hears the transmitter's signal, and then hears echoes caused by the signal traveling different (usually longer) paths. This is called multipath.

What is Multipath?
O Reflection
O Scaterring O Diffraction

Fadding Noise Distortion

Can be a challenging part of any remotesensing signal processing system, including radar, ultrasound, and sonar.

Multipath in the ocean

There may be many bounces of the signal of the seafloor and off the ocean-air interface (and possibly off other whales or sunken ships, etc.)

Figure : A ship is shown with a sensor array descending from it, an object is denoted in red (whale? dolphin? submarine?) and the object emits signal x(t), which under goes multipath. The total effect of the multipath is modeled as a channel with impulse response h(t). The ship sonar system receives z(t)=x(t)*h(t). (Inpractice, the ship really receives z(t)=x(t)*h(t)+n(t), where n(t) is some extra noise.)

Simulation multipath
If we call the line of sight signal x(t) Then the signal that bounced, received T seconds later, would be a*x(t-T) a:(between 1 and -1) accounts for the attenuation.

Simulation multipath
In MATLAB, we will represent this kind of continuous-time impulse response by sampling it with sampling interval Ts. Then the delay times T1..Tn are represented as multiples of the sampling interval, so for M samples:

O We need only specify the ak values for k=0...M

(assuming we know Ts). O Ak will be 0 if there are no delay components corresponding to (k)Ts seconds. O A0 will be 1 for the line of sight signal.

Simulation multipath

Figure 5: This is an example of the impulse response for the multipath in a 50 meter water channel (for example, in a bay).

Simulation using Matlab

Time

Spectrogram