Some Basic Concepts in Linguistics

By Tika Virginiya Satri Adnyani Harpian

Introduction
The Edinburgh Course in Applied Linguistics: Papers in Applied Linguistics Volume 2 by J.P.B. Allen and S. Pit Corder Chapter 2 Some Basic Concepts in Linguistics by J.P.B. Allen

Introduction
1 The scientific study of language
2 Some characteristics of human language 3 Form and meaning 4 Speech and writing 5 Language as system 6 Descriptive or prescriptive?

7 Synchronic and diachronic studies

8 Langue and Parole 9 Chomskys theory of language

Introduction
Reasons for choosing the topic 1 2 3 Interesting issue in language teaching Giving benefits to language teaching field Leading another development of arguments

Introduction
Expected outcome 1 2 3 Having details about Speech and Writing Having more knowledge on speech and writing Having considerations in connecting theory toward practical

Summary

Summary
General principle of linguistic analysis Some linguists Primacy of speech over writing

Speech reflects writing Speech is widespread

Reasons

Speech is learnt first

Speech can show systems of writing

Summary
Primacy of Speech Primacy of Writing

Foreign language teaching

Language teaching and learning

Second language teaching

Summary
Foreign language teaching and learning Speech may be dominant Transfer from speech to writing is easy No convincing demonstrations

General educational goal

Summary
Foreign language teaching and learning Primacy of speech or writing

Modification of syllabus

Speech
dominant Writing

To get students used to patterns

As specific purpose

Summary
Second language teaching and learning Primacy of speech over writing Educated speech Leading to stilted and unnatural accent

Daily speech Dealing with weak and strong form, and contexts

Summary
Primacy of speech and writing is considered to be balance by the author depends on the objective wanted to be reached. Primacy of speech over writing in each setting has different goal.

Evaluation

Organization
Presentation of ideas Well thought-out

Well structured
No jumping ideas Sequential order Background of problem Arguments

Content
Examines some linguists arguments about the role of speech and writing in learning language. The content of this sub-chapter is a high-quality one.

Providing the role of speech and writing in the field of language learning from different point of views showing controversy considering some aspects of language such as its pronunciation, phonemes and grammatical features.

Content
This sub-chapter has well-order in developing ideas of the role of speech and writing. Giving the issue about the primacy of speech over writing as an introduction stating arguments from some linguists first the author gives his own arguments

The arguments opposed mostly strengthen by giving some reason and example in each related field of teaching and learning language.

Content
In term of language use it still contains some difficult words.

Because of the clear explanation used by the author, the readers still able to understand what are meant by the author.

Theoretical Soundness
The writer used theory from some linguists to give the view about the primacy of speech over writing.

Speech is the primary medium in that it is older and more widespread than writing and children always learn to speak before they learn to write.

Theoretical Soundness
Palmer (1921) : learners must be made to think the whole sentences integrally instead of piecing it together bit by bit while learners are saying it to avoid isolating habit. Strengthen the theory of the primacy of speech over writing especially in the early stages of learning a language to give first priority to the development of automatic speech habit.

Theoretical Soundness
Gimson (1962) : linguists have identified about 50 monosyllabic words in English which have two or more phonemically different pronunciations according to whether they occur in stressed or unstressed positions in discourse.

This theory is used to support that people who pride in using careful speech habits are always tend to be disappointed

Blomfield (1933). a traditional statement of French adjective gender.

the masculine is formed from the feminine by subtraction of the final consonant Meaning flat gray drunk

Masculine plat [pla] gris [gri] soul [su]

Feminine platte [plat] grise [gri:z] soule [sul]

Allen leads us to think that a description of speech rather than writing leads to a simplification of the grammar which may have implications for language teaching.

Significance
For common readers
understand which one is better to be acquired earlier based on their needs in learning language. can have consideration in arranging their teaching goal, method and material. can develop their research by using a lot of references about the role of speech and writing.

The language teacher

The researchers

Special Merit
Provide principle of speech and writing in term of foreign and second language teaching . Speech and writing language principle adopted from other linguists Contents are stimulating critical thinking

Role in general language teaching, EFL and ESL Example the use of both language skills

Special Merit
Arranging lesson plan

Consideration language Teaching

in

Assessment

Weakness
There are not definitely experts are mentioned in supporting the principles

Weakness

Oppossing CLT

Discussion on Argued Points

Allen seems so focused on arguing the linguists opinion about the distinction between speech and writing We need to see the relationship between speech and writing, like sex, as being more than just something physical (Crystal, 2005). Fluent in speech and literate in English Fluent in speech but not literate in English Not fluent in speech but literate in English Neither fluent in speech nor literate in English

We need to consider students ability

Conclusion and Implication

Conclusion and Implication

Speech and writing in language teaching

important

context
Learners needs

have inseparable relationship Foreign language teaching Second language teaching

Learners level

Thank you