EARLY EMBRYOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

Oral Histology Dent 206 Dr Ashraf Shaweesh

Intra-uterine stages
Pre-embryonic (proliferative period)
0 2 weeks Fertilization Implantation Bilaminar embryonic disc

Embryonic

Fetal

2 8 weeks Different types of tissues develop Formation of organ systems

8 weeks until birth Increase in body wt & size

Pre-embryonic period (1st week)

Fertilization
zygote, 0.1-0.2 mm Cleavage (Mitotic) divisions
2 cell (blastomere) stage 4 cell stage 12-16 cell stage (morula, 0.10.2mm)

Blastocyst
100-150 cells, 0.1-0.2 mm Blastocoel Zona pellucida Inner cell mass embryo proper Outer cell mass Future trophoblast Attachment Implantation

Pre-embryonic period (2nd week) Bilaminar Embryo

Inner cell mass becomes 2 layered
disc (7-12 days)
Embryonic Epiblast Columnar cells Face the cytotrophoblast Future ectoderm Embryonic hypoblast Flattened cells Face the blastocoel Future endoderm

Amniotic cavity Exocoelomic membrane

Primitive yolk sac (exocoelomic cavity) Still 0.1-0.2 mm

Continuous with endoderm With endoderm enclose:

Bilaminar embryo
Extra-embryonic
mesoderm
From cytotrophoblasts Secondary yolk sac Connecting stalks

Placental circulation
established

Embryonic period (3rd week)

Prochordal (cephalic) plate
Slight thickening of endoderm Indicates the future head end Buccopharyngeal membrane later

Caudal end (cloacal

membrane) Intra-embryonic mesoderm
Appears from ectoderm at 17 days Rounding up toward caudal midline Spreading between ectoderm and endoderm Formation leaves Primitive streak Primitive (Hensens) node

Trilaminar embryo (Gastrula)

Three germ layers

Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm

Primitive streak & node Notochordal process

Blind-ended tube From primitive node Up to the prochordal plate Progenitor of the backbone and the vertebral column

Mesoderm separates
Prochordal plate Notochord Cloacal membrane

ectoderm & endoderm except in

Germ layers
These cells are considered pluripotent: each is capable of
producing descendants representing all of the hundreds of differentiated cell types

Ectoderm

Mesoderm
Bone & Muscle

Endoderm
Lingual tonsils

Skin and appendages

Oral and anal mucosa

Linings of nose and sinuses Enamel Nervous system Pituitary & mammary glands Lens of the eye

Connective tissue All dental tissues except enamel

Linings of lungs Digestive system

Lymphatic tissue & spleen

Blood cells, heart & lungs

Linings of excretory system

Reproductive system
Excretory system

Notochordal process
From the primitive knot,
mesoblastic cells migrate toward the prochordal plate Acts as a template for the notochord Cannot go through the prochordal plate Some cells migrate around the prochordal plate (cardiogenic area) In prochordal plate, the embryonic endoderm and ectoderm layers are fused

Further development
Notochord Mesoderm
Fusion with endoderm Rounding up and separation from endoderm Paraxial mesoderm (Somites) Pairs on each side of
notochord Cuboidal masses, mould the ectodermal surface 42 45 pairs by the end of 5th week

Intermediate mesoderm Urinary system Adrenal cortex Much of reproductive system Lateral plate mesoderm

Further development
Lateral plate mesoderm
More widespread than somites Spreads cephalic (ahead) to prochordal plate Forms by coalescence of vacuoles within lateral plate mesoderm U shaped Anterior part Primitive pericardial cavity Cephalic (ahead) to primitive
pericardial cavity lies what will become septum transversum in which liver later develops

Intraembryonic coelom

Lateral part is primitive pleural & peritoneal cavities

Somites
Differentiation of somites
Dermatome Dermis of the skin Lamina propria of oral mucosa Myotome Vertebral musculature Intercostal musculature Some limb musculature Sclerotome Vertebrae, ribs and sternum

Head somites
Prootic somites (3 pairs) Myotome - eye muscles
Metotic (occipital) somites Myotome of 3rd -6th metotic somites tongue
muscles

Neurulation
Formation of CNS
Neural plate: thickened mass forms in the overlying ectoderm. and becomes known as the Neural groove A crease or fold soon appears in this
plate Rapidly deepens - precursor of the embryos CNS, the first organs to develop

Neural folds: arch over and fuse with each other at several points along the length of the neural tube Neural tube: zippered closed as by the neural folds, concomitant with the budding somites Anterior & posterior neuropores The entire embryo is lengthening as this happens

Neural crest
Junction of neural plate with ectoderm Unite then pinched off as neural tube separates from ectoderm Neural crest cells migrate within mesoderm

So far embryo is 1.5-3 mm

Neural crest
Ectomesenchyme tissue in head region Dermis of head region All dental tissue except enamel Branchial arches
Pigment cells
Skeleton Part of musculature Melanocytes

Meninges Spinal & cranial nerve ganglia Sympathetic & parasympathetic systems Adrenal medulla Schwann cells

Folding of embryonic plate

Embryonic plate bulges upwards into amniotic cavity Folding turns the plate into a portion of a spheroid Causes

Consequences

Most of growth happens in the upper surface Neural tube growth exceeds that of the rest of the embryonic plate Buccopharyngeal & cloacal membranes Folded under cephalic & caudal ends, respectively Their ventral surfaces become dorsal Part of the yolk sac becomes incorporated in the embryo as foregut, midgut and hindgut Primitive pericardial cavity lies beneath the foregut The most cephalic lateral plate mesoderm (septum transversum) lies caudal to the pericardial cavity in which liver will form

Folding

Development of epithelial structures

Epidermis surface ectodermal cells Dermis underlying mesoderm of somites Ectodermal cells thicken into 4 layers by 11-12
weeks
Basal layer superficial layer of epithelium Melanocytes invade epidermis

Structures developing from a combination of

dermal and epidermal tissues
Mammary, sebaceous, salivary glands Teeth, nails, hair

Development of connective tissue

CN develop from somites as migrating from
either side of neural tube Somite
Sclerotome Medial portion mesenchymal cells
Osteoblasts, chondroblasts, fibroblasts

Myotome Skeletal muscles Smooth muscles & mesenteries Dermatome Dermis Visceral mesoderm lamina propria of GIT

Development of cartilage & bone

Cartilage is the initial skeletal component Cartilage migrate to surround notochord froming spinal
column Cartilage growth
Appositional new layers on the surface Interstitial proliferation & expansion of cells Functions in supporting the soft embryo Maintains its 3-D configuration

Hyaline elastic fibrous cartilage Bone formation

Intramembranous Endochondral E.g. long bone

Endo-chondral bone Formation

Deposition of bone matrix on a pre-existing cartilage matrix

Mesenchymal tissue

Cartilage

Bone

The primary transitional cartilage is a hyaline cartilage whose shape resembles a small version of the bone to be formed

Intra-membranous Bone Formation

Direct mineralisation of matrix secreted by osteoblasts

Mesenchymal tissue
(Condensed)

Bone

Epiphyseal growth
Endo-chondral ossification in a long bone

Intra-membranous bone collar forms

within the perichondrium of the cartilage model Cartilage degeneration (by hypertrophy) and calcification starting at the central portion of diaphysis Blood vessels penetration bringing osteoblasts Continuous primary bone deposited over calcified cartilage Calicified cartilage resorbed by giant mutinucleated cells Primary ossification center Secondary ossification centers at the epiphyses in a similar pattern In secondary ossification centers cartilage remains in 2 regions
The articular cartilage Protection and mobility The epiphyseal plate Growth until closure at 20 ys

Development of muscle
By 10th week, myoblasts migrate from
myotomes Muscle
Skeletal Smooth Cardiac

Development of CVS
Originate from angioblasts Angioblasts are from angiogenic clusters in the walls of
the yolk sac Angiogenic clusters
Outer cells elongating tubes Inner cells blood cells

Nutrition of embryo
At first - vatelline vascular system Then umbilical vascular system

Hearts beats by 4th week

Starts as a tube internal partitioning An opening between atria remain until birth