In thermodynamic analysis, total energy of a system in two groups: Total energy

Macroscopic Microscopic energy that a system possesses as a whole with respect to some outside reference frame, such as kinetic and potential energies. The macroscopic energy of a system is related to motion and the influence of some external effects such as gravity, magnetism, electricity, and surface tension. The magnetic, electric, and surface tension effects are significant in some specialized cases only and are usually ignored. Energy that is independent of outside reference frames and are related to the molecular structure of a system and the degree of the molecular activity. The sum of all the microscopic forms of energy is called the internal energy of a system

Total energy of a system (E) = Macroscopic energy + Microscopic energy = KE + PE +Internal energy (U ) If the system is stationary, KE=0 and P.E = 0 Therefore, Total energy = Internal energy

Enthalpy: h = u + pvk j/kg H= U + PV..k j/kg For an ideal gas, enthalpy is only a function of temperature h=h(T)

SPECIFIC HEATS
The specific heat is defined as the energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree.

SPECIFIC HEATS

Specific heat at constant volume Cv energy required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a substance by one degree as the volume is maintained constant.

Specific heat at constant volume Cp energy required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a substance by one degree as the pressure is maintained constant

The specific heat at constant pressure Cp is always greater than C v because at constant pressure the system is allowed to expand and the energy for this expansion work must also be supplied to the system.

INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY, AND SPECIFIC HEATS OF IDEAL GASES For an ideal gas, Internal energy is a function of temperature only. At low pressures, all real gases approach ideal-gas behavior, and therefore their specific heats depend on temperature only.

C v and Cp are both a function of temperature for an ideal gas

INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY AND SPECIFIC HEATS OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS OF INCOMPRESSIBLE SUBSTANCE A substance whose specific volume (or density) is constant is called an incompressible substance. The specific volumes of solids and liquids essentially remain constant during a process Cv=Cp=C

Expressions for Cv and Cp

Cv= (du/dT) at constant volume. Cp=(dh/dT) at constant pressure.

FLOW WORK AND THE ENERGY OF A FLOWING FLUID Non flowing fluid= Internal energy+ K.E+ PE Non flowing fluid = Internal energy + K.E +PE = U + (mV2) + mgh Flowing fluid = Flow energy + Internal energy + K.E + P.E = PV + U + (mV2) + mgh Where P= pressure V= volume ( m3) U= Internal energy

Problem: A 100-kg iron block at 100C is dropped into an insulated tank that contains 0.5 m3 of liquid water at 25C. Determine the temperature when thermal equilibrium is reached. Given Specific heat of iron= 0.45 kJ/kg C and Specific heat of water = 4.18 kJ/kg C. Hint: Take entire content of the tank as system. Neglect K.E and P.E