ROBOTICS

SUBMITTED TO:

Prof. T. Shivanandam
SUBMITTED BY:
Akhil Sonthalia
Hitesh Rustagi
Nitin Jain
 INTRODUCTION

 Robotics, computer-controlled machine that is a programmable

machine that imitates the actions or appearance of an intelligent
creature–usually a human.
 To qualify as a robot, a machine has to be able to do two
things:
1) get information from its surroundings, and
2) do something physical–such as move or manipulate objects.
 CONTD…..
 It was first used in the 1921 play R.U.R. (Rossum's
Universal Robots) by the Czech novelist and
playwright Karel Capek.
 Robots are able to perform repetitive tasks more
quickly, cheaply, and accurately than humans.
 The word robot has been used since to refer to a
machine that performs work to assist people or
work that humans find difficult or undesirable.
 Robots really work for people and perform tasks
for them that may be dangerous.
Early Mythology

The notion of putting

machines to work for
us to perform routine
tasks on command can
be credited to great
thinkers like Aristotle
(384-322 BC).
 13th – 15th Century
 Inventors were busy developing real
automatons that mimicked human
mannerisms. This first generation of robots
were clock controlled ornaments with self-
moving parts.
 An automated rooster erected on top of the
cathedral in Strasbourg in 1350 is a good
example. It was designed to flap its wings and
crow every day at noon.
 18th Century
In 1774 inventors Pierre
and Henri-Louis
Jacquet-Droz unveiled
the “Automatic
Scribe”. This lifelike
figure of a boy could
draw and write any
message up to 40
characters long. A robot
woman playing a
piano was another one
 19th Century
 Unlike the toy automatons
of18th century, robots of the
800s were chiefly designed to
meet the growing demands of a
flourishing industrial society.
 A good example is this Textile
Machine. Operated by punch
cards, this programmable Loom
was capable of mass production
and is one of the earliest
machines to store a programme
designed to control its entire
operation.
 19th Century (cont.)
 1890: Thomas Edison used
a condensed version of his
phonograph invention in the
design of the famous talking
doll.

1898: Nikola Tesla, a famous

inventor, patents the first
remote controlled device. The
'teleautomaton' was a crewless
boat that was controlled from a
distance without wires.
 20th Century
 1921: The first reference to the word
robot is made in a play by Czech
writer Karel Capek (1890 - 1938) -
R.U.R (Rossum's Universal
Robots). The word comes from the
Czech “robota” which means serf or
one in subservient labour.

In the play, the Czech robot is defined as "a

worker of forced labour". After this Play,
electromechanical automatons were
referred to as robots.
 20th Century (cont.)
 1968: SRI International, formerly
known as the Stanford Research
Institute, builds and tests the
first mobile robot with vision
capability. 'Shakey' was
equipped with a television
camera, a range finder and
sensors.
 Shakey was the first mobile
robot that could think and
respond to the world around
it.
 20th Century (cont.)
 1968: The General
Electric Walking
Truck was the first
manual controlled
walking truck.
 20th Century (cont.)
 1969: Stanford University develop the
first electrically powered computer
controlled robotic arm. This
becomes standard for research
projects
 1974: Professor Sheinman, of
Stanford Arm fame, forms Vicarm Inc.
to market a version of the arm
controlled by microcomputer for
industrial applications. This
robotic arm, known as the Silver Arm
performs small-parts assembly using
touch sensitive sensors.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF ROBOTS
 A machine that looks like a human being and
performs various complex acts of a human
being.
 A device that automatically performs
complicated often repetitive tasks.
 A mechanism guided by automatic controls.
HOW ROBOTS WORK
 The inspiration for the design of a robot
manipulator is the human arm, but with some
differences. For example, a robot arm can extend
by telescoping—that is, by sliding cylindrical
sections one over another to lengthen the arm.
 Grippers, or end effectors, are designed to mimic
the function and structure of the human hand.
Many robots are equipped with special purpose
grippers to grasp particular devices such as a rack
of test tubes or an arc-welder.  
 The joints of a robotic arm are usually driven by
electric motors.
CONTD…..
 A computer calculates the joint angles needed to
move the gripper to the desired position in a
process known as inverse kinematics.  Some
multi-jointed arms are equipped with servo, or
feedback, controllers that receive input from a
computer.

 Any robot designed to move in an unstructured or

unknown environment will require multiple
sensors and controls, such as ultrasonic or
infrared sensors, to avoid obstacles.
TYPES OF ROBOTS & THEIR
APPLICATIONS
(1) Industrial Robots:
 Cartesian robot /Gantry robot: Used for pick and place work,
application of sealant, assembly operations, handling machine
tools and arc welding. It's a robot whose arm has three prismatic
joints, whose axes are coincident with a Cartesian coordinator.

 Cylindrical robot: Used for assembly operations, handling at

machine tools, spot welding, and handling at die casting machines.
It's a robot whose axes form a cylindrical coordinate system.

 Spherical/Polar robot: Used for handling at machine tools, spot

welding, die casting, fettling machines, gas welding and arc
welding. It's a robot whose axes form a polar coordinate system.
CONTD…..
 SCARA robot: Used for pick and place work, application of
sealant, assembly operations and handling machine tools. It's a
robot which has two parallel rotary joints to provide compliance in
a plane.

 Articulated robot: Used for assembly operations, die casting,

fettling machines, gas welding, arc welding and spray painting. It's
a robot whose arm has at least three rotary joints.

 Parallel robot: One use is a mobile platform handling cockpit

flight simulators. It's a robot whose arms have concurrent
prismatic or rotary joints.
(2) Other Robots:
 Demeter : A robot agricultural harvester which is a model for
commercializing mobile robotics technology.

 Pioneer robot is a remote reconnaissance system for structural

analysis of the Chornobyl Unit 4 reactor building. Such robots are
used to investigate hazardous and dangerous environments.

 Robotic underwater rovers are used to explore and gather

information about many facets of our marine environment.
IMPACT OF ROBOTS

 Higher quality and lower cost to the

manufacturing industry.
 Loss to the unskilled jobs but create new jobs
for skilled people in software and sensor
development.
 Machines have to be maintained and people
will have to be trained on there repair.
FUTURE OF ROBOTICS
 Machines are being developed that can perform cognitive tasks, such as
strategic planning and learning from experience.

 Increasingly, diagnosis of failures in aircraft or satellites, the management

of a battlefield, or the control of a large factory will be performed by
intelligent computers.

 Mobile robots which would run around outside the class room but be
controlled by the students in the class.

 Hydroponics Garden which would be a living, growing garden controlled by

robotics.

 Scanning the Skies which you could set times and locations for pictures
from these robots, sent to you over the computer.
CONCLUSION
The sense of automation as an activity without direct
presence of human has been changing in the course of
development of human activity. Recently there has been a
stabilization of the spectrum of motifs of automation,
mainly of production processes in the following order: rapid
reaction to the change of market (tempo of products
innovation), decreasing the dispersal of quality, increasing
the effectivity, flexibility (quick and effective functional
adjustment in relation to required change of product). Those
motifs considerably influence recent state of art of robotics
as well as the trends of further development.