Water, Electrolytes, and Acid-Base Balance

27-1

Body Fluids
Intracellular
All fluids inside cells of body About 40% of total body weight

Extracellular
All fluids outside cells About 20% of total body weight Subcompartments
Interstitial fluid and plasma; lymph, CSF, synovial fluid
27-2

Body Fluid Compartments

27-3

Water Content Regulation

Content regulated so total volume of water in body remains constant Kidneys primary regulator of water excretion Regulation processes
Osmosis Osmolality Baroreceptors Learned behavior

Sources of water
Ingestion Cellular metabolism

Routes of water loss

Urine Evaporation
Perspiration Respiratory passages

Feces
27-4

Extracellular Fluid Osmolality

Osmolality
Adding or removing water from a solution changes this

Decreased osmolality
Inhibits thirst and ADH secretion

Increased osmolality
Triggers thirst and ADH secretion

27-5

Hormonal Regulation of Blood Osmolality

27-6

Regulation of ECF Volume

Mechanisms
Neural Renin-angiotensinaldosterone Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Increased ECF results in

Decreased aldosterone secretion Increased ANH secretion Decreased ADH secretion Decreased sympathetic stimulation

Decreased ECF results in

Increased aldosterone secretion Decreased ANH secretion Increased ADH secretion Increased sympathetic stimulation
27-7

Hormonal Regulation of Blood Volume

27-8

Hormonal Regulation of Blood Volume

27-9

Regulation of ECF Volume

27-10

Regulation of ICF and ECF

27-11

Regulation of Electrolytes in ECF

Electrolytes
Molecules or ions with an electrical charge
Water ingestion adds electrolytes to body Kidneys, liver, skin, lungs remove from body

Na+ Ions
Dominant ECF cations Responsible for 90-95% of osmotic pressure

Regulation of Na+ ions

Kidneys major route of excretion Small quantities lost in sweat

Concentration changes only when growing, gaining or losing weight

Terms
Hypernatremia Hyponatremia
27-12

Mechanisms Regulating Blood Sodium

27-13

Mechanisms Regulating Blood Sodium

27-14

Abnormal Plasma Levels of Sodium Ions

27-15

Regulation of Chloride, Potassium, Magnesium Ions

Chloride ions
Predominant anions in ECF

Potassium ions
Maintained in narrow range Affect resting membrane potentials Aldosterone increases amount secreted

Magnesium ions
Capacity of kidney to reabsorb is limited Excess lost in urine Decreased extracellular magnesium results in greater degree of reabsorption

Terms
Hyperkalemia Hypokalemia
27-16

Potassium Ion Regulation in ECF

27-17

Abnormal Concentration of Potassium Ions

27-18

Abnormal Plasma Levels of Magnesium Ions

27-19

Regulation of Blood Magnesium

27-20

Regulation of Calcium Ions

Regulated within narrow range
Elevated extracellular levels prevent membrane depolarization Decreased levels lead to spontaneous action potential generation

Terms
Hypocalcemia Hypercalcemia

PTH increases Ca2+ extracellular levels and decreases extracellular phosphate levels Vitamin D stimulates Ca2+ uptake in intestines Calcitonin decreases extracellular Ca2+ levels
27-21

Regulation of Calcium Ions

27-22

Regulation of Phosphate Ions

Under normal conditions, reabsorption of phosphate occurs at maximum rate in the nephron An increase in plasma phosphate increases amount of phosphate in nephron beyond that which can be reabsorbed; excess is lost in urine
27-23

Regulation of Blood Phosphate

27-24