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Chapter 5
Lesson
Objectives
Questions to answer!
2. What are enzymes?
a. State the definition of enzymes.
3. How do enzymes work?
• Explain the mode of action of enzymes in
terms of active site, enzyme-substrate
complex, lowering of activation energy,
and enzyme specificity.
• Describe the characteristics of enzymes.
3. What affects enzyme activity?
• Investigate and explain the effects of
temperature, pH, on the rate of enzyme-
catalyzed reactions.
5. Where are enzymes used?
a. State 1 enzyme-catalyzed process.
b. Classify enzymes.
What are Definition of
enzymes?
Enzymes
Recall: What are
What are catalysts?
proteins?? How do they
Enzymes are biologicalwork?
catalysts,
commonly made of protein. They
alter the rate of chemical reactions
without themselves being chemically
changed at the end of the reaction.
Properties of
enzymes
What are
enzymes? Recall: Proteins
• Basic unit of proteins:
amino acids
• How amino acids are linkedcondensation
up:
reaction
peptide
• Link between amino polypeptide
acids: bond
• Long chains of basic units:
• Polypeptides
weak bondsare folded and its 3D shape is
held together by .
• Weak bonds candenatured
be broken by heat and
chemicals. The protein is said to be
function .
• A denatured protein loses its .
Source: http://www.monroecc.
edu/deps/pstc/backup/heme.gif
How do
enzymes
Enzymes are
work? Biological Catalysts
• A catalyst is a substance which can alter or
speed up a chemical reaction.
• Catalysts are not chemically-changed at the
end of the reaction.
How do
enzymes
Enzymes are
work? Biological Catalysts
Videos:
Dilute H2O2: H2O2 decomposition
Fresh H2O2: Last High School Chemistry Class
Source: http://pics.drugstore.
com/prodimg/73864/200.jpg
How do
enzymes
Enzymes are
work? Biological Catalysts
How do enzymes
How do
enzymes
Activation
work? Energy
• The energy needed to start a chemical
reaction is called activation energy.
• Once the reaction has received enough
energy, the rest of the reaction occurs
spontaneously.
How do
enzymes
Activation
work? Energy
• Enzymes lower the activation energy required
to start a chemical reaction.
• Enzymes do not
change the
energy level of
reactants and
Products
products.
Reactants • Enzymes only
lower the ‘height’
of the ‘activation
energy hill.’
How do
enzymes
Lock and Key
work? Hypothesis
• The substances on which enzymes act are called
substrates.
• Enzymes bind to substrates by the lock and key
enzyme molecule
hypothesis.
active enzyme
is free to take part
in another
sites molecule
reaction
(the ‘lock’)
B AB
substrate enzyme-
a new substance
molecules (A substrate
(product) AB leaves
and B) can fit complex
the active sites
into the active
sites
How do
enzymes
Lock and Key
work? Hypothesis
• Enzyme reaction depends on the presence of
active sites.
• Active sites have a specific 3D shape.
• Specific substrate molecules fit into the active
site like a lock and key.
• Substrate binds to the enzyme, forming an
enzyme substrate complex.
• Reactions take place at the active sites to
convert substrate molecule(s) into product
molecule(s).
• Product molecule(s) separate, leaving the
enzyme molecule unchanged and free to
How do
enzymes
Induced Fit
work? Model
• Current hypothesis for enzyme action
• When a substrate molecule fits into an enzyme
molecule, the enzyme molecule alters its
shape slightly so that it fits more tightly
around the substrate molecule.
• This makes the chemical reaction easier.
4 Beyond the
2 As the temperature optimum
rises, enzyme activity temperature,
increases as indicated enzyme activity
by the increase in the decreases.
rate of reaction it
catalyses. Usually the 5 At point D, the
enzyme is twice as enzyme has lost its
1 An
active for every 10°C ability to catalyse
enzyme is
rise in temperature the reaction.
less active
until the optimum
at very low
temperature is
temperatur
reached.
es.
0 K (optimum D Temperature
temperature)
What affects
enzyme
activity?
Temperature
As temperature rises…
• Particles of matter are in constant random
motion.
• In the reaction, the enzyme and substrate
molecules move and collide with one another
at random.
• Raising the temperature increases the kinetic
energy of the molecules.
• The substrate and enzyme molecules collide
with each other more often, increasing the
chance of substrates fitting into active sites.
• The rate of formation of enzyme-substrate
complex increases, increasing the rate of
What affects
enzyme
activity?
Temperature
As temperature rises…
• Enzyme activity increases as the temperature
increases up to the optimum temperature.
• At high temperatures, enzyme activity
decreases. protei
• Enzymes are made
weakofns , and its 3D
shape are heldbonds
together by .
• At high temperatures, the vibrations of the
atoms in the enzyme vibrate so violently that
they break the weak bonds in the enzyme.
• The enzyme loses its shape and becomes
denatured.
• The higher the temperature, the faster the
What affects
enzyme
activity?
pH
Type of Example(s)
hydrolase
Carbohydras •Salivary amylase (in the mouth)
es digest and pancreatic amylase. Both
carbohydrates digest starch.
•Cellulases digest cellulose. It is
Proteases •produced by some
Pepsin in the bacteria. It is
stomach
digest proteins not found in mammals.
Lipases •Lipase in pancreatic juice
digest lipids
(fats)
Where are
enzymes
used?
Industrial Uses
• Enzymes are used in industry as they can
bring about chemical changes at low
temperature.
• Chemical reactions at low temperatures are
easier to control and cheaper to run.
• Enzymes can be extracted from living cells
and used in their pure form.
Where are
enzymes
used?
Industrial Uses
• Microorganisms producing useful enzymes
can be used in industry to make cheese,
yoghurt and beer.
• Catalase can be added to latex containing
hydrogen peroxide to produce oxygen to form
foam rubber.
• Enzyme specificity makes them ideal for use
in analysing chemicals.
– Enzymes can be used to detect glucose in urine.
– This can help to detect diabetes.
Specific binding
of enzyme Lipases Proteases Carbohydrases
Enzymes
have specific are
Functions
as
Remain chemically
unchanged at the Biological catalysts are
end of the reaction
form speed up
Specific binding
of enzyme Lipases
Specific Simple
product(s) sugars