NEUROPATHOLOGY

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Neuronal Reactions Infections Vascular disease Hydrocephalus Intracranial Pressure Degenerative diseases CNS tumors

Neuron reactions to injury

Chromatolysis (cut / damage to axon) Red Neurons (due to hypoxia / 12 hours) Atrophy & Degeneration neurons Necrosis (liquafaction & Gliosis) Intraneuronal deposits
(Levy, Cowdry and Negri bodies)

Infections
Bacterial Meningitis MeningoEncephalitis (Bacterial) Encephalitis (viral) Poliomyelitis (viral)

Bacterial Meningitis
Bacterial cause Lymphocytes infiltrate/neutrophils Fever, stiffness and unconscious Meningo encephalitis --- when Invasion into vascular and cortical neurons

Encephalitis
Neuronophagia Neuronolysis Perivascular Cuffing Cowdry bodies (oligodendroglia)

Poliomyelitis
Via faeco-oral Receptor virus on Motor neurons cells (AHC and other motor neurons cortex)

Microscopic features:
Neuronophagia Neuronolysis Perivascular cuffing

Strokes / Vascular Disease

HS Haemorrhagic stroke due to Hypertension Atherosclerosis Leakage of blood vessel NHS Non Haemorrhagic Stroke due to Occlusion of blood vessel Thrombus / Emboli

Hydrocephalus
Normal CFS flow Causes of Hydrocephalus

CSF - flow
From blood (Blood vessel of choroid plexus) (Located at Lateral ventricles I + II and IV) The flow is follows :

Lateral ventricles (I+II) -> for. Monroi -> 3rd Ventricle -> Aquaduct Sylvii 4th Ventricle -> for Magendi and for Luscka ->transvers sinus -> sigmoidsinus ->jugular vein -> superior cava vein atrium (heart / blood)

Causes of Hydrocephalus
Over production of CSF Obstruction of CSF flow Decrease of absorption of CSF

Types of Hydrocephalus
Communicans Hydrocephalus Non Comminicans Hydrocephalus

Increase of Intracranial Pressure

Brain haemorrhage (HS) Infarct / Brain oedema & NHS Trauma / Injury ( Blunt injury ) Tumor / Neoplasm Hydrocephalus

Cause -> Herniation (Locus Minoris res)

Degenerative Diseases
Parkinson Disease Alzheimers Disease
Further details please see:
WWWMedlib.med.utah.edu/Webpath/Tutorial/CNS/CNSDG.

Parkinson Disease
Clinic : Rigidity , spasm and mask face

Dopaminergic neurons Loss of pigmented cells (midbrain) Levy bodies

Alzheimers Disease(AD)
Loss of memory Early onset of Dementia (30s,40s) Microscopic : Neuronal loss of Cerebral cortex Neurites plaques (amyloid core) Neurofibrilary tangles Granular vauole degeneration Hirano bodies

Neoplasms in CNS
Astrocytoma / Glioblastoma multiforme Oligodendroglioma Ependymoma Acustic Neuroma Medulloblastoma Meningioma