EC010 303 NETWORK THEORY

MODULE-3
Frequency Response, Bode Plots

1. Determine the output of a filter for a given input
consisting of sinusoidal components using the
filters transfer function.
3. Use circuit analysis to determine the transfer
functions of simple circuits.
4. Draw first-order lowpass or highpass filter circuits
and sketch their transfer functions.
5. Understand decibels, logarithmic frequency scales,
and Bode plots.

6. Frequency Response 6.1 Fourier Analysis, Filters, Transfer
Functions
6.1.2 Filters
* Filters process the sinusoidal components of an input signal
differently depending of the frequency of each component.
Often, the goal of the filter is to retain the components in
certain frequency ranges and reject components in other
frequency ranges.
6. Frequency Response 6.1 Fourier Analysis, Filters, Transfer
Functions
6.1.3 Filters and Transfer Functions
* Since the impedances of inductances and capacitances change
with frequency, RLC circuits provide one way to realize electrical
filters.



* The transfer function of a two-port filter is defined as:
Z = Z = Z = Z = 90 -
f 2
1
90 -
C
1
Z , 90 fL 2 90 L Z
C L
t e
t e
phase the is - H(f)
magnitude the is H(f) where
H(f) H(f)) f H
in out
in
out
V V
V
V
Z Z = Z
= Z = ) (
6. Frequency Response 6.1 Fourier Analysis, Filters, Transfer
Functions
Example 6.1 Using Transfer Function to Find Output
For the transfer functions shown, find the output signal,
given the input:
) 40 t 2000 cos( 2 ) t ( v
in
+ = t
in
out
30 3 ) 1000 ( H
Hz 1000 f is signal input the of frequency The
V
V
= Z =
=
Z = 40 2
in
V
Z = Z Z = = 70 6 40 2 30 3 * ) 1000 ( H
in out
V V
) 70 2000 cos( 6 ) ( + = t t v
out
t
6. Frequency Response 6.1 Fourier Analysis, Filters, Transfer
Functions
Example 6.2 Multi-input components, Superposition Principle





The input involves two components:
2 in 1 in
in

) 70 t 4000 cos( ) t 2000 ( s co 2 ) t ( v
V V
+ = t t
Z = Z Z = = 30 6 0 2 30 3 ) 1000 ( H
: principle ition superpos use We
1 in 1 out
V V
Z = Z Z = = 10 2 70 1 60 2 ) 000 2 ( H
2 in 2 out
V V
) t ( v ) t ( v ) t ( v
2 out 1 out out
+ =
) 10 t 4000 cos( 2 ) 30 t 2000 cos( 6 ) t ( v
out
+ + = t t
6. Frequency Response 6.1 Fourier Analysis, Filters, Transfer
Functions
Example 6.2 Multi-input components, Superposition Principle






) 70 t 4000 cos( ) t 2000 ( s co 2 ) t ( v
in
+ = t t
) 10 t 4000 cos( 2 ) 30 t 2000 cos( 6 ) t ( v
out
+ + = t t
6. Frequency Response 6.2 First-Order Low-Pass Filters
Ideal Filters
6. Frequency Response 6.2 First-Order Low-Pass Filters
6.2 First Order Low-Pass Filters
A low-pass filter is designed to pass low-frequency components
and reject high-frequency components. In other words, for low
frequencies, the output magnitude is nearly the same as the
input; while for high frequencies, the output magnitude is
much less than the input.
6.2.1 Transfer Function

f C j2 1 R
have we , V phasor a having
l sinusoida a is signal input the shown, as
f ilter pass - low order - f irst the Consider
in
in
+
=
V
I
RC f j2 1 fC j2 1 R fC j2
1
in in
+
=
+
=
V V
I V
fC j2
1
out
=
fRC 2 j 1
1
H(f)
in
out
+
= =
V
V
frequency power" - half " the
frequency, break" " the
RC 2
1
f define We
B
=
) f f j( 1
1
H(f)
B
+
=
6. Frequency Response 6.2 First-Order Low-Pass Filters
6.2.2 Magnitude and Phase Plots of the Transfer Function

) ( 1
1
) (
B
f f j
f H
+
=
2
) ( 1
1
) (
B
f f
f H
+
= ) arctan( ) (
B
f
f
f H = Z
Power Half V P since , V
2
1
V ,
2
1
H(f ) , f f As
90 H(f ) also
rejected, components f requency - high 0 H(f ) , f f As
0 H(f ) also
passed, components f requency - low 1 ) f ( H 0, f As
2
rms rms in rms out B
B
= = =
Z
>>
Z

6. Frequency Response 6.2 First-Order Low-Pass Filters
Example 6.3 Calculation of RC Low-pass Output

1000 f 0, 5
100, f 0, 5 10, f 0, 5
) t 2000 cos( 5 ) t 200 cos( 5 ) t 20 cos( 5 ) t ( v
3 3 in
2 2 in 1 1 in
in
= Z =
= Z = = Z =
+ + =
V
V V
t t t

+
=
) f f ( j 1
1
) f ( H
B
Hz
RC
f
B
100
10 * 10 * ) 2 1000 ( * 2
1
2
1
6
= = =

t t t
Z = 71 . 5 9950 . 0 ) 10 ( H
Z = 45 7071 . 0 ) 100 ( H
Z = 29 . 84 0995 . 0 ) 1000 ( H
Z = = 71 . 5 975 . 4 ) 10 ( H
1 in 1 out
V V
) 71 . 5 t 20 cos( 975 . 4 ) t ( v
1 out
=
Z = = 45 535 . 3 ) 100 ( H
2 in 2 out
V V
) 45 t 200 cos( 535 . 3 ) t ( v
2 out
=
Z = = 29 . 84 4975 . 0 ) 1000 ( H
3 in 3 out
V V
) 29 . 84 t 2000 cos( 4975 . 0 ) t ( v
3 out
=
6. Frequency Response 6.2 First-Order Low-Pass Filters
Example 6.3 Calculation of RC Low-pass Output

1000 f 0, 5
100, f 0, 5 10, f 0, 5
) t 2000 cos( 5 ) t 200 cos( 5 ) t 20 cos( 5 ) t ( v
3 3 in
2 2 in 1 1 in
in
= Z =
= Z = = Z =
+ + =
V
V V
(t) v ) 29 . 84 t 2000 cos( 4975 . 0
(t) v ) 45 t 200 cos( 535 . 3
(t) v ) 71 . 5 t 20 cos( 975 . 4 ) t ( v
3 out
2 out
1 out out
+
+
=
6. Frequency Response 6.2 First-Order Low-Pass Filters
Quiz Exercise 6.4: Another First-Order Low-Pass Filter













This is also a low-pass filter
L R/2 f where

) j(f /f 1
1
H(f )
is f unction transf er the that Show
B
B in
out
t =
+
= =
V
V
6. Frequency Response 6.3 Decibels and the Cascade Connection
6.2 Decibels and the Cascade Connections
6.3.1 Decibels
* We usually express the ratio of voltage (or power) amplitude
in decibels.







power for ) f H( 10log ) f H( ) f H(
voltage for ) f ( H log 20 ) f ( H ) f H(
db
dB
=
=
6. Frequency Response 6.3 Decibels and the Cascade Connection
6.3.2 Cascade two-Port Networks


2 in
2 out
1 in
1 out
1 out
2 out
1 in
1 out
1 in
2 out
in
out
) f ( H
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
= = = =
) ( ) ( ) (
2 1
f H f H f H =
dB
2
dB
1
dB
) f ( H ) f ( H ) f ( H + =
6. Frequency Response 6.4 Bode Plots
6.4 Bode Plots

2
) ( 1
1
) (
B
f f
f H
+
=
6. Frequency Response 6.4 Bode Plots
6.4 Bode Plots

2
) ( 1
1
) (
B
f f
f H
+
=
2
B
dB
) f f ( 1
1
log 20 ) f ( H
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
~ >>
~ <<
B
dB
B
B
f
f
log 20 ) f ( H f f For
dB 0 H(f) f f For
|
|
.
|

\
|
= Z
B
f
f
f H arctan ) (
~ Z >
~ Z <
90 H(f ) , f 10 f For
0 H(f ) /10, f f For
B
B
B
f frequency break
6. Frequency Response 6.5 First-Order High-Pass Filters
6.5 First-Order High-Pass Filters
6.5.1 Transfer Function

) ( 1
) (
) (
B
B
in
out
f f j
f f j
V
V
f H
+
= =
RC
f
B
t 2
1
=
( )
2
B
B
f f 1
f f
) f H(
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= Z
B
f
f
f H arctan 90 ) (
6. Frequency Response 6.5 First-Order High-Pass Filters
6.5.2 Bode Plots

( )
2
1
) (
B
B
f f
f f
f H
+
=
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
1 log 10 log 20 ) (
B B
dB
f
f
f
f
f H
( )
( )
( ) 0 f H , f 10 f For
90 f H /10, f f For
0 f H , f f For
f
f
log 20 ) f ( H , f f For
B
B
dB
B
B
dB
B
~ Z >
~ Z <
~ >>
|
|
.
|

\
|
~ <<
6. Frequency Response 6.5 First-Order High-Pass Filters
Exercise 6.13 Another First-Order High-Pass Filter
L R/2 f where
) f f ( j 1
) f f ( j
V
V
) f ( H
: is circuit the of
f unction transf er the that Show
B
B
B
in
out
t =
+
= =
6. Frequency Response 6.5 First-Order Filters
First-Order Low-Pass Filters







First-Order High-Pass Filters
6. Frequency Response 6.8 Ideal and Second-Order Filters
6.8 Ideal and Second-Order Filters
6.8.1 Ideal Filters
6. Frequency Response 6.8 Ideal and Second-Order Filters
6.8.1 Ideal Filters
6. Frequency Response 6.8 Ideal and Second-Order Filters
6.8.2 Second-Order Low-Pass Filter
) f f f f ( jQ 1
) f f ( jQ
V
V
) f ( H
0 0 s
0 s
in
out
+

= =
LC 2
1
f
0
=
R
L f 2
Q
0
s
=
CR f 2
1
0
=
1 Q choose
passband the in constant
ely approximat be to gain the
want we f ilter, a design In
s
~
6. Frequency Response 6.8 Ideal and Second-Order Filters
6.8.2 Second-Order High-Pass Filter
6. Frequency Response 6.8 Ideal and Second-Order Filters
6.8.2 Second-Order Band-Pass Filter
6. Frequency Response 6.8 Ideal and Second-Order Filters
6.8.2 Second-Order Band-Reject (Notch) Filter
6. Frequency Response 6.8 Ideal and Second-Order Filters
Example 6.7 Filter Design
Design a second-order filter with L=50mH that passes
components higher in frequency than 1kHz, rejects
components lower than 1kHz.
We need a high-pass filter.
To obtain a approximately
constant transfer function
In the pass-band, we choose

LC 2
1
f since
1kHz f select and 1 Q
0
0 s
t
=
= ~
F 507 . 0
L f ) 2 (
1
C have we
2
0
2

t
= =
O
t
1 . 314
Q
L f 2
R and
s
0
= =
6. Frequency Response 6.8 Ideal and Second-Order Filters
* The Popular Sallen-Key Filters
6. Frequency Response 6.8 Ideal and Second-Order Filters
* Higher-order Filters using Cascade of 2
nd
-order Filters
6. Frequency Response 6.8 Ideal and Second-Order Filters
* Higher-order Filters using Cascade of 2
nd
-order Filters