Republic of the Philippines Department of the Interior and Local Government

BUREAU OF FIRE PROTECTION

Baybay City Fire Station

BASIC FIRE SAFETY

By: FO1 DAIRYL M DENOSTA

BUREAU OF FIRE PROTECTION

The BFP was created by virtue of Republic Act 6975 Department of the Interior and Local Government primarily to perform its legal mandates.

BFP Primary Services

Fire Prevention Fire Suppression Fire Arson & Investigation Fire Search & Rescue Emergency Medical Services

INTRODUCTION TO FIRE

Fire, helpful and destructive to mankind, is more than a necessary evil: controlled, it provides warmth and cook food, but uncontrolled, it produces death and destruction. In order to understand the behavior of fire, one must have an understanding of the chemical principles that control its origin and spread and the physical phenomena that result from its behavior.

FIRE IS
A fire will double every 30 Seconds under normal conditions.

A small fire can produce enough smoke to fill a building in minutes. Smoke results in: Teared eyes Choking sensation Impaired judgment due to Carbon Monoxide (CO) Loss of spacial recognition Sedation effect - Respiratory failure

FIRE IS

Within minutes, air temperature in a burning room can reach 300 degrees Celsius. This temperature is hot enough to melt clothes, skin and scorch your lungs in one breathe. Temperatures can climb to between 650-760 degrees Celsius. Most people who die in fires, die from breathing smoke and toxic gases. Carbon Oxide, Hydrogen Cyanide, Ammonia and hundreds of other irritants attack your eyes, nose, throat and lungs.

GASSES
Makes you disoriented and stops you from thinking and breathing.

Makes you breathe faster, which puts to rest the option of holding your breath.

Mixes with moisture in the eyes, nose and throat, which causes coughing and hacking. Then turns into nitric acid, which starts to burn the tissue.

CHEMISTRY OF FIRE
What is F I R E?
The active principle of burning, characterized by Heat and light of combustion.

Four (4) Elements of Fire

OXYGEN
CHEMICAL CHAIN REACTION

FUEL

HEAT

FIRE Tetrahedron

HEAT

Solid or liquid materials do not burn. For combustion to take place, these materials must be heated sufficiently to produce vapors. It is these vapors, which actually burn. Damaged electrical wiring Stoves Heating appliances Fireplaces

FUEL

Anything that will burn. Initially, the fuel may be in the form of a gas, liquid, or solid at the ambient temperature. As discussed previously, liquid and solid fuels must be heated sufficiently to produce vapors. Ex. wood, gasoline, papers

OXYGEN

the primary source of oxygen is the atmosphere, which contains approximately 20.8 percent oxygen. A concentration of at least 15 to 16 percent is needed for the continuation of flaming combustion, while charring or smoldering (pyrolysis) can occur with as little as 8 percent.

CAUSES OF FIRE

1. NATURAL CAUSE Involves those fires caused without direct human intervention.

Examples:
1. Lightning

2. Volcanic Eruptions

CAUSES OF FIRE

2. ACCIDENTAL CAUSE Involves all those where the proven cause does not involve a deliberated human act to ignite or spread the fire into an area

Unattended cooking equipment

Unattended electric iron

Octopus connection overloading of circuit.

Unattended children playing matches

CAUSES OF FIRE

3. INCENDIARY FIRES -is one deliberately set under circumstances in which the person knows that the fire should not be set. Arson is a willful, malicious burning

PREDOMINATING MOTIVES OF ARSON

A. Insurance Fraud B. Hatred, Revenge, Jealousy C. Public Disorder D. Concealment of Other Crimes E. Terrorism

CLASSIFICATION OF FIRES

CLASSIFICATION OF FIRES
CLASS
A. Ordinary Combustible Materials Ex. Wood, cloth, paper

COLOR OF SMOKE

COLOR OF FLAME

EXTINGUISHED BY

GRAY BLACK GRAY

MULTI COLORED

ORANGE

WATER/ F.E.

B. Flammable Liquids

Ex. Gasoline, kerosene, paint

RED
SILVER
MULTI COLORED

F.E.
F.E. F.E.

C. Energized Electrical
Equipment and

Appliances

C
D

D. Combustible Materials
Ex. Gun powder, ammonium nitrate, pyrotechnics, etc

PHASES OF FIRES

1. INCIPIENT PHASE

2. FREE BURNING PHASE

3. SMOLDERING PHASE

INCIPIENT PHASE

Earliest phase the products of combustion may be minimal, the changes in the surrounding atmosphere may be difficult to observe (only some smoke, no detectable flame), and the amount of heat generated will not significantly affect the surrounding area.

ROLL OVER

Rollover takes place when the unburned flammable gases released during the incipient phase accumulate at ceiling level and spreads into adjacent open areas where they mix with fresh oxygen. When the ignition temperature is reached, the gases ignite and expand very rapidly across the ceiling. At this point only gases are burning.

FREE BURNING PHASE

oxygen-rich air is drawn into the flame as convection (the rise of heated gases) carries the heat to the upper most regions of the confined area. The heated gases spread out laterally from the top downward, forcing the cooler air to seek lower levels, and eventually igniting all the combustible material in the upper levels of the room. As the fire progresses through the latter stages of this phase, it continues to consume the free oxygen until it reaches the point where there is insufficient oxygen to react with the fuel.

HOT-SMOLDERING PHASE

If the area of the fire is sufficiently air-tight, the steady burning phase will deplete the oxygen to the point where the flames will go out and the fire is reduced to burning embers. As the flames die down, the room fills with dense smoke and unburned flammable gases. At this point, the temperature now exceeds 1,000 degrees Fahrenheit and the oxygen supply is below 15%.

BACKDRAFT

The introduction of oxygen to the smoldering phase of a fire can cause a backdraft. Since the temperature is still past the ignition point and flammable gases are still present, the only component keeping the fire from burning is sufficient oxygen. When oxygen is made rapidly available by improper ventilation (ex. opening a door or window) the stalled burning of the fire will resume with devastating force and speed, qualifying as an explosion.

Fire Spreads in 3 Ways (METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER)

DIRECT HEAT TRANSFER/CONDUCTION

This is the transfer of heat from one body to another through direct flame contact.

HEAT TRANSFER BY RADIATION It is the act of radiating or the emission and propagation of radiant heat or energy. It involves the stages of emission, absorption and transmission of heat or energy. It involves the thermal process whereby atmospheric circulation is maintained through the upward or downward transfer of air masses of different temperature.

HEAT TRANSFER BY CONVECTION Transfer of heat from one place to another.

FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT METHODS

Exclusion of Oxygen
OXYGEN

Inhibition of Chain Reaction Reduction of Temperature HEAT

Removal of fuel

CHEMICAL CHAIN REACTION

FUEL

THE FOUR BASIC METHODS OF EXTINGUISHING FIRES

BASIC FIRE FIGHTING TOOL

First-Aid Portable Fire Protection Appliance - a portable device use to extinguish the fire at early stage or limited size.

It's easy to remember how to use a fire extinguisher if you can remember the acronym

PASS, which stands for Pull, Aim, Squeeze, and Sweep.

PULL THE PIN This will allow you to discharge the extinguisher.

AIM AT THE BASE OF THE FIRE If you aim at the flames (which is frequently the temptation), the extinguishing agent will fly right through and do no good. You want to hit the fuel.

SQUEEZE THE TOP HANDLE OR LEVER

This depresses a button that releases the pressurized extinguishing agent in the extinguisher.

SWEEP FROM SIDE TO SIDE Start using the extinguisher from a safe distance away, then move forward. Once the fire is out, keep an eye on the area in case it reignites.

What to Do in case of Fire?

Remember

S A F E T Y

S SOUND ALARM
Shout as loud as you can SUNOG!!!

A ADVICE FIRE STATION

Give the following Information

What is Burning Exact Location of the Fire Name of Caller

Tel./Cel Number Used

Baybay City Fire Station

333

F =FIGHT THE FIRE

Use all available firefighting Appliance / Water

E=

EVACUATE THE AREA

During evacuation secure family members & important documents

T = TELL OTHERS
TELL YOUR NEIGHBORS AND OTHER PEOPLE AROUND ABOUT THE FIRE

Y = YOU GET CLEAR

SECURE YOUR FAMILY TO A SAFE PLACE AWAY FROM THE FIRE TO AVOID INJURIES

LET US ALL HELP PREVENT FIRE

AN OUNCE OF PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN A POUND OF SUPPRESSION

A friendly reminder from: