Regression Analysis

a b1 x1 b2 x2 b3 x3 ... bk xk y
y
X3

X1
X2

STATITICAL DATA ANALYSIS

COMMON TYPES OF ANALYSIS? 1. Compare Groups a. Compare Proportions (e.g., Chi Square Test2)
H0: H0: P1 = P2 = P3 = = Pk 1 = 2 = 3 = = k

b. Compare Means (e.g., Analysis of Variance) 2. Examine Strength and Direction of Relationships a. Bivariate (e.g., Pearson Correlationr)
Between one variable and another: Y = a + b1 x1

b. Multivariate (e.g., Multiple Regression Analysis)

Between one dep. var. and each of several indep. variables, while holding all other indep. variables constant: Y = a + b1 x1 + b2 x2 + b3 x3 + + bk xk

Simple and Multiple Regression Analysis

What does regression analysis do? Examines whether changes/differences in values of one variable (dependent variable Y) are linked to changes/differences in values of one or more other variables (independent variables X1, X2, etc.), while controlling for the changes in values of all other Xs.
E.g., Relationship between salary and gender for people who have the same levels of education, work experience, position level, seniority, etc.

The DV (Y) must be metric. The IVs (Xs) must be either metric or dummy var. Central Question Addressed: Is Y a function of X1, X2, etc.? How ? Is there a relationship between Y and X1, X2 , etc., (in each case, after controlling for the effects of all other Xs)? In what way? What is the relative impact of each X on Y, holding all other Xs constant (that is, all other Xs being equal)?

Simple and Multiple Regression Analysis

More specifically,
Do values of Y tend to increase/decrease as values of X1, X2, etc. increase/decrease?

If so,
By how much? And How strong is the connection/relationship y between Xs and Y? what % of differences/variations in Y values (e.g., income) among study subjects can be explained by (or attributed to) differences in X1 X values (e.g. years of education, years of experience, etc.)? X2

X3

Simple and Multiple Regression Analysis

NOTE: Once we can determine how values of Y change as a function of values of X1, X2, etc., we will also be able to predict/estimate the value of Y from specific values of X1, X2, etc.
Y = a + b1 x1 + b2 x2 + b3 x3 + + bk xk+

Therefore, regression analysis, in a sense, is about ESTIMATING values of Y, using information about values of Xs: Estimation, by definition, involves? The objective? To minimize error in estimation. Or, to compute estimates that are as close to the true/actual values as possible.

Simple and Multiple Regression Analysis

QUESTION: What is the simplest way to obtain an estimate for some population characteristic (e.g., number of credit cards per U.S. household)? ANSWER: 1. Select a representative sample from the population and 2. Compute the mean for that sample (e.g., compute the average number of CCs for the sample households). X Regression analysis can be viewed as a technique that often significantly improves the accuracy of estimation results relative to using the mean value. So, suppose we were to estimate the number of credit cards for U.S. households, based on information from a random sample of, say, n = 8 families.

Simple and Multiple Regression Analysis

Estimating Number of Credit Cards*
i
Family Number

yi
Actual # of Credit Cards

1
2 3 4 5

4
6 6 7 8

Estimate? y
y y 56 7 8

6
7 8
i

7
8 10

QUESTION: Can we determine how much error in estimation we are committing by using Y 7 as our estimate, for each of these households?

Y 56
* This example was adopted from Hair, Black, Babin, Anderson, & Tatham, (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis, 6th ed., Prentice Hall.

Simple and Multiple Regression Analysis

Estimating Number of Credit Cards
i Family Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

yi
Actual # of Credit Cards
4 6 6 7 8 7 8

y y Estimate for # of Credit Cards

7 7 7 7 7 7 7

Error in Estimation
? ? ? ? ? ? ?

10

yi 56

y y

56 7 8

Simple and Multiple Regression Analysis

Estimating Number of Credit Cards
i Family Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

yi
Actual # of Credit Cards
4 6 6 7 8 7 8

y y Estimate for # of Credit Cards

7 7 7 7 7 7 7

yi y
Error in Estimation
-3 -1 -1 0 +1 0 +1

10

+3

Lets now see all this graphically

yi 56

y y

56 7 8

Simple and Multiple Regression Analysis

10 9 8 7 6 5

F8 F5 F7 F6 F4 F2, F3 F1

Y Y Estimate

4
3 2

1
0

Lets spread the dots away from each other to see things more clearly!

Simple and Multiple Regression Analysis

10 9 8 7 6 5

Graphic Representation Actual Estimate F5

F8

F7
F6

F3
F2 F1

F4

Y Y Estimate

4
3 2

Estimation Error Can we determine the total estimation error for all 8 families?

1
0

Simple and Multiple Regression Analysis

i Family Number
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

yi
Actual # of Credit Cards 4 6 6 7 8 7 8 10

y y Estimate for # of Credit Cards

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

yi y
Error in Estimation -3 -1 -1 0 +1 0 +1 +3

What would be the total estimation error for all 8 families combined?

56

y y

56 7 8

( y y) = 0
i

Solution?

Simple and Multiple Regression Analysis

Estimating Number of Credit Cards
i Family Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

yi
Actual # of Credit Cards 4 6 6 7 8 7 8 10

y y Estimate for # of Credit Cards

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
y y 56 7 8

yi y
Error in Estimation -3 -1 -1 0 +1 0 +1 +3

Errors Squared 9 1 1 0 1 0 1 9
2 ( yi y) 22

( yi y )

yi 56

( yi y) 0

SST = Sum of Squares Total

Simple and Multiple Regression Analysis

22 = SST = Index for total (combined) amount of estimation error for all families (observations) in the sample when using the mean as the estimate. SST is also the sum of squared deviations from the mean. o Remember the formula for computing Variance?
Objective in Estimation? Minimize error, maximize precision. Can we cut down the amount of estimation error (SST)? How? Yes, we can, by using information about other variables suspected to be strong predictors (strongly related to) # of credit cards possessed by families (e.g., family size, family income, etc.)..

Simple and Multiple Regression Analysis

i Family Number 1 2 3

y
Actual # of Credit Cards 4 6 6

x
Family Size 2 2 4

4
5 6

7
8 7

4
5 5

7
8

8
10

6
6

We now can attempt to estimate # of credit cards from the information on family size, rather than from its own mean. Lets first see this graphically!

Simple and Multiple Regression Analysis

Y
10 9

Plot actual numbers of CCs against family Size.

F2 F4 F3 F5 F6

F8

8
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

F7

Original (Baseline) Estimate

y y

F1

x 2, y 4
QUESTION: Does the mean ( y ) appear to represent the closest estimate of the actual c.c. numbers for our sample families ? That is, is the green line the best line to represent the location of estimates of # of CC for these families?

7 Family Size

Simple and Multiple Regression Analysis

Y
10 9

Generic Equation for any straight line: Y= a + bx

F8

a1 b1 x y

a3 b3 x y

Regression Line

8
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

F4
F2

F5
F6

F7 y a2 b2 x
Original (Baseline) Estimate

y y

F3 F1
Regression Line (Line of Best Fit)-new improved location for CC estimates (see next slide)

a 0x y y

7 Family Size

Simple and Multiple Regression Analysis

Y
10 9

F8

a bx y
Reg. Line (Line of Best Fit)--new improved location for CC estimates

8
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

F5
F2 F4 F6 F3

F7

y Original (Baseline)
Estimate

Estimation ERROR ( y

) y

F1

Regression Line will Minimize

) ( y y
2

= total estimation error.

a bx (the reg. line)? But, how do we know the values a and b in y

7 Family Size

Actual # of credit cards

EQUATION FOR REGRESSION LINE (LINE OF BEST FIT)-Values of a and b for the regression line:

a bx y

( x x)( y y ) b 2 (x x)

a y bx
Lets use above formulas to compute the values of a and b for the regression line in our example. We will need: y , x ,
( x x )( y y ),

and

(x x)

Simple and Multiple Regression Analysis

We need: y , x , ( x x )( y y ), and ( x x )
i Family Number 1 2
2

y
Actual # of Credit Cards 4 6

x
Family Size 2 2

xx
? ?

y y ( x x )( y y )
? ? ? ?

(x x)

? ?

3
4 5 6 7 8
Y

6
7 8 7 8 10
56 7 8

4
4 5 5 6 6

?
? ? ? ? ?

?
? ? ? ? ?

?
? ? ? ? ?
( x x )( y y ) ?

?
? ? ? ? ?

34 4.25 8

( x x) ?
2

Simple and Multiple Regression Analysis

We need: y , x , ( x x )( y y ), and ( x x )
i Family Number
2

y
Actual # of Credit Cards 4
6 6 7 8 7 8 10

x
Family Size 2
2 4 4 5 5 6 6

xx
-2.25
-2.25 -.25 -.25 .75 .75 1.75 1.75

y y ( x x )( y y )
-3
-1 -1 0 1 0 1 3

(x x)

1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8

6.75
2.25 .25 0 .75 0 1.75 5.25

5.0625
5.0625 .0625 .0625 .5625 .5625 3.0625 3.0625
2

56 Y 7 x 34 4.25 8 8

( x x )( y y ) 17 ( x x )

17.5

Simple and Multiple Regression Analysis

REGRESSION LINE (LINE OF BEST FIT):

a bx y
a =2.87 b = .97

( x x)( y y) 17 b .971 2 17.5 ( x x )

a y b x 7 .971( 4.25) 2.87

2.87 .97 x y
? Y-Intercept ? Regression Coefficient

Simple and Multiple Regression Analysis

Y
10 9

F8 F5 F2 F4 F6 F3 F1

2.87 .97 x y
New Improved Estimates

8
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

F7

y Original (Baseline)
Estimate

Can we tell how much estimation error we have committed by using the new regression line? Yes, examine differences between our households actual # of CCs and their new/regression estimates.

7 Family Size

Simple and Multiple Regression Analysis

2.87 .97 x y
i Family Numbe r

y
y
y y

y
Actual # of Credit Cards

x Family Size
2
2 4 4 5 5 6 6

) (y y
Errors Squared

Regression Error Estimate (Residual)

1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8

4
6 6 7 8 7 8 10

?
? ? ? ? ? ? ?

?
? ? ? ? ? ? ?

?
? ? ? ? ? ? ?

) ( y y

Simple and Multiple Regression Analysis

2.87 .97 x y
i Family Numbe r

2.87 .97(2) 4.81 y

y
Actual # of Credit Cards

x Family Size
2
2 4 4 5 5 6 6

y y

) (y y
Errors Squared

Regression Error Estimate (Residual)

1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8

4
6 6 7 8 7 8 10

4.81
4.81 6.76 6.76 7.73 7.73 8.7 8.7

-.81
1.19 -.76 .24 .27 -.73 -.7 1.3

.66
1.42 .58 .06 .07 .53 .49 1.69
)2 5.486 ( y y

SSE = Sum of Squares Error (SS Residual)

Simple and Multiple Regression Analysis

Total Baseline Error using the mean (SS Total) 22.0 New or Remaining Error (SS Error or SS Residual) 5.486 ~ 5.5
Total Var. QUESTION: How much of the original estimation error have we explained in Y = 22

away (eliminated) by using the regression model (instead of the mean)?

5.5

22 5.486 = 16.514 (SS Regression or SS Explained)

X1

16.5

QUESTION: What % of estimation error have we explained (eliminated by using the regression model?

R2 = 16.514 / 22 = .751 or 75% What is this called?

% of differences in # of CCs among households that is explained by differences in their family size.

What does the remaining 25% represent?

Percent of variation (differences) in number of credit cards owned by families that can be accounted for by: (a) all other potential predictors not included in the model, beyond family size, and (b) unexplainable random/chance variations.

Simple and Multiple Regression Analysis

R2 = SS Regression / SS Total = 16.5/22 = 75%
R2 is a measure of our success regarding accuracy of our estimation effort. R2 = % of estimation error that we have been able to explain away by using the regression model, instead of using the mean. R2 indicates how much better we can predict Y from information about Xs, rather than from using its own mean. R2 = % of differences (variations) in Y values that is explained by (attributable to) differences in X values.

Note: When dealing with only two variables (a single X and Y):
16.514 r R .75 .866 22
2

Pearson Correlation of Y with X1 (NOT controlling for any other var.)

Lets now examine all this graphically!

Simple and Multiple Regression Analysis

Y
Regression Line (New Improved Estimates):

10 9

F8 F5 F6

2.87 .97 x y

8
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

F7

F2
y y
Original Baseline ERROR for F1

F4
y y
by ? Explained REGRESSION

y Original (Baseline)
Estimate

F3

? y y

Model

F1

New ERROR (Unexplained/ RESIDUAL)

7 Family Size

Simple and Multiple Regression Analysis

5.5 = SSE = The amount of estimation error for the 8 sample families when using simple regression (i.e., a regression model that includes only information about family size). Can we reduce the amount of estimation error (SSE) to an even lower level and, thus, improving the estimation process? How? Yes, by adding information on a second variables suspected to be strongly related to # of credit cards (e.g., family income--X2).

Simple and Multiple Regression Analysis

i Family Number 1 2 3

yi
Actual # of Credit Cards 4 6 6

x1
Family Size 2 2 4

x2
Family Income 14 16 14

4
5 6 7 8

7
8 7 8 10

4
5 5 6 6

17
18 21 17 25

We now can attempt to estimate # of CCs from our information on family size and family income! Our regression model will now be a linear plane, rather than a straight line!

Generic Equation for a linear plane:

a b1 x1 b2 x2 y

Lets examine the regression plane for our example graphically.

Y = # of Credit Cards 12 Formulas are available for 10 computing values of 9 a, b1 and b2 8

MULTIPLE REGRESSION MODEL FOR OUR EXAMPLE:

a b1 x1 b2 x2 y

11

7 6

Family Income

.482 .63 x1 .216 x2 y

5
4 3 2 1 0
Actual Regression Estimate

Lets now see how much error in estimation we are committing by using this multiple regression model.

X1 = Family Size

Simple and Multiple Regression Analysis

.482 .63 x1 .216 x2 y
i Family Number 1

y
Actual # of Credit Cards 4

x1
Family Size 2

x2

y y
Error (Residual) ?

) (y y
Errors Squared ?

Family Regression Income Estimate ($000) 14 ?

2
3 4 5 6 7 8

6
6 7 8 7 8 10

2
4 4 5 5 6 6

16
14 17 18 21 17 25

?
? ? ? ? ? ?

?
? ? ? ? ? ?

?
? ? ? ? ? ?

) ( y y

Simple and Multiple Regression Analysis

.482 .63 x1 .216 x2 y
i Family Number 1

.482 .63(2) .216(14) 4.77 y

y
Actual # of Credit Cards 4

x1
Family Size 2

x2

y y
Error (Residual) -.77

Family Regression Income Estimate ($000) 14 4.77

) (y y
Errors Squared .59

2
3 4 5 6 7 8

6
6 7 8 7 8 10

2
4 4 5 5 6 6

16
14 17 18 21 17 25

5.20
6.03 6.68 7.53 8.18 7.95 9.67

.80
-.03 .32 .47 -1.18 .05 .33

.64
.00 .10 .22 1.39 .00 .11

SSE = Sum of Squares Error (Residual)

) 3.05 ( y y

Unique (additional) contribution of X2 (family income) beyond X1 = ? 5.5 3.05 = 2.45

Simple and Multiple Regression Analysis

The MULTIPLE REGRESSION MODEL FOR OUR EXAMPLE:

.482 .63 x1 .216 x2 y

?

?
b1 and b2 = Regression Coefficients
0.63: Among families of the same income, an increase in family size by one person would, on average, result in .63 more credit cards. 0.21: Among families of the same size, an income increase of $1,000, results in an average increase of 0.2 credit cards . bs represent effect of each X on Y when all other Xs are controlled for/held constant/taken into account i.e., after impacts of all other variables are accounted for (remember the high blood pressure-hearing problem connection?)

Y-Intercept, a
(NOTE: Only when all Xs can meaningfully take on value of zero, the intercept will have a meaningful/direct/ practical interpretation. Otherwise, it is simply an aid in increasing accuracy of estimation.

Simple and Multiple Regression Analysis

The MULTIPLE REGRESSION MODEL FOR OUR EXAMPLE:

SST = 22

.482 .63 x1 .216 x2 y

SSE = 3.05
2
Percent of differences in households number of CCs that is explained by differences in family size and family income. Percent of variation in number of credit cards that can be accounted for by (a) all other relevant factors not included in the model, beyond family size and income, and (b) unexplainable random/chance variations.

What is our new R ?

SS Regression = 22 3.05 = 18.95

R = 18.95 / 22 = .861 or 86%

The Remaining 14%?
(3.05 / 22 = .14)

a c
X1=Family
Size

d b

Y= # of CC
Total Variation/Error in Y = SS Total = a + b + c + d = 22

Y
X2 = Family
Income

2.87 .97 X 1 r2 = ? y
Pearson/simple Correlation of Y with X1 (not controlling for X2)

R2 = (a+c) / (a+b+c+d)

R2 = 16.5 / 22 = 0.75

SSR =

What do we call the square root of this?

ryx
1

a+c
= 16.5
size

16 .5 0.75 0.867 22

X1=Family

ryx
1

ac abcd

Y
SSR =

0.063 .398X 2 y

r2 = (b+c) / (a+b+c+d) = 15.12 / 22 = 0.687

c+b
= 15.12

X2 = Family
Income

Pearson/simple bc Correlation of Y ryx2 abcd with X2 (not controlling for 15.11 r 0.829 yx2 X1) ? 22

a c
X1=Family
Size

d b

.482 .63 x1 .216 x2 y

R2 Graphically = ? NOTE: c is explained by

X2 = Family
Income

both X1 and X2
SSR = a + b +c = 18.95 SST = a + b + c + d = 22

R2 = SSR / SST = (a + b + c) / (a + b + c + d) = 18.95 / 22 = 86% SSE = ?

SSE = d = 22 18.95 = 3.05

Simple and Multiple Regression Analysis

.482 .63 x1 .216 x2 y
i Family Number 1

.482 .63(2) .216(14) 4.77 y

y
Actual # of Credit Cards 4

x1
Family Size 2

x2

y y
Error (Residual) -.77

Family Regression Income Estimate ($000) 14 4.77

) (y y
Errors Squared .59

2
3 4 5 6 7 8

6
6 7 8 7 8 10

2
4 4 5 5 6 6

16
14 17 18 21 17 25

5.20
6.03 6.68 7.53 8.18 7.95 9.67

.80
-.03 .32 .47 -1.18 .05 .33

.64
.00 .10 .22 1.39 .00 .11

SSE = Sum of Squares Error (Residual)

) 3.05 ( y y

Remember:

Unique (additional) contribution of X2 = 5.5 3.05 = 2.45

Exercise 1: Redo the credit card analysis with SPSS.

First, Correlations and Simple Regression Next, Multiple Regression (also ask for part and partial correlations.)

SPSS CREDIT CARD FILE

Simple and Multiple Regression Analysis

EXERCISE 2: Using gss_2 data file, we are interested in
understanding the role that the following demographics (age, educ, sibs, agewed), as well as respondent income (rincmdol), job satisfaction (satjob_2), and marriage satisfaction (hapmar_2) play in determining/predicting ones general happiness (happy_2). We also wish to know which of the above variables is the strongest predictor of general happiness (Standardized Reg. Coefficients).

Use the gss_2 data file and conduct the appropriate analysis.
NOTE: satjob_2 is coded as: 1 = Very Dissatisfied 2 = A Little Dissatisfied 3 = Pretty Satisfied 4 = Very Satisfied hapmar_2 is coded as: 1 = Not Too Happy 2 = Pretty Happy 3 = Very Happy

Interpreting Regression Results

Ho: R2 = 0. That is, There is NO RELATIONSHIP between the DV and ANY OF the IVs included in the regression model. No 1. Is overall F significant? (i.e., < 0.05) Dont reject Ho; No indep. Variable has a sig. relationship with dep. Variable. Stop. Yes Reject Ho; One or more independent variables are significantly related to the dep. Variable.

2. Which independent variable(s) have significant relationships with the dep. Var.? In the Coefficients table, look up the result of the t-test for each indep. variables regression coefficient (b). Ho for t-test of a given variable hypothesizes that the coefficient b = 0. That is, there is no relationship between the corresponding independent variable and the dep. Variable. If a t-tests < 0.05, reject the null and conclude that the corresponding variable has a significant relationship with the dep. Variable. 3. Look up the sign of the regression coefficient (b) ONLY FOR those indep. variables that are found to have a significant relationship with the dependent variable (i.e., those with < 0.05), and state your conclusions accordingly.

Simple and Multiple Regression Analysis

Regression Analysis Using Categorical Variables: General Rule: Categorical variables should NOT be used in multiple
regression since interpretation of the variables regression coefficient becomes nonsensical. Coded: Democrat = 1 Republican = 2 EXAMPLE: Income = 24000 + 1400 Political Party

Exception to the above Rule: Dummy variables (i.e., categorical

Independent = 3 Other = 4

variables representing only two groups--such as gender, when coded as 0 and 1) can be used as independent variables in regression analysis. The reason is that a dummy variables values (0, 1) can go up or down by only 1 unit, signifying a change from one group to another. EXAMPLE: Income = 24000 + 1400 gender

Meaning?

Coded: Female = 0, Male = 1

Note: A dummy variables regression coefficient represents the average difference in the value of the dependent variable between the two groups represented by the dummy variable.

Simple and Multiple Regression Analysis

Coded: Female = 0, Male = 1

EXAMPLE 1:

Income = 24000 + 1400 gender.

Average income of females is $24,000. Males on average make $1400 more than females

MULTIPLE REGRESSION EXAMPLE 2:

Coded: Female = 0, Male = 1

Income = 12000 + 1000 Education Years + 800 Gender Meaning?

Average income of females with no education is $12000.

Meaning?
Among people of the same gender, every additional year of education results in an average additional income of $1,000. Males make, on average, $800 more in comparison with females who have the same number of years of education.

Exercise 4: Suppose we are interested in knowing what role, if any, demographic characteristics (i.e., age, sex_Dummy, educ, sibs, agewed, incomdol), as well as job satisfaction (satjob-2), and marriage satisfaction (hapmar-2) play in determining ones overall happiness in life (happy-2). Use the gss_2 data file and conduct the appropriate analysis.

Exercise 3: Suppose we are interested in knowing what role, if any, the following demographic characteristics play in determining ones income (rincmdol):
Age, Sex_Dummy (0=male, 1=female), age first married (agewed), Years of education completed (educ), and Political party affiliation--republic (0=Democrat, 1=Republican) .

Use the gss_2 data file and conduct the appropriate analysis.

Assignment 5
Data file Salary.sav contains information about 474 employees hired by a Midwestern bank between 1969 and 1971 (NOTE: Due to SPSS site license restrictions, this hyperlink will not work if you are off campus). Of the 474 employees, 258 were men, 216 women, 370 white, and 104 non-white. The bank was subsequently involved in EEOC litigation; the bank was accused of gender and race discrimination in its hiring and compensation practices. The two issues that were of particular interest in the litigation were alleged gender and racial inequalities not only in the banks beginning salaries (variable salbeg), but also in its later salaries (variable salnow). 1. Print, examine, and interpret correlation coefficients between beginning salary (salbeg) and age in years (age), education in years (edlevel), employment category or job classification level--rated from 1=lowest to 8=highest (jobcat), and work experience in months (work). 2. Conduct the appropriate analysis to see: (a) What role each of the variables age, education (edlevel), employment category (jobcat), and work experience (work) played, holding all other variables constant, in determining the banks beginning salaries? For example, what was the differential pay for one additional year of education among new hires who otherwise had the same age, employment category, and work experience? (b) Which of the above demographic characteristics had the strongest influence on beginning pay? How can you tell? (c) What percent of the differences in employees beginning salaries can be explained by/attributed to difference in all of the above characteristics?

Assignment 5
3. Now conduct the appropriate analysis to indicate, holding all other variables constant, what roles gender (sex, male=0, female=1) played in determining beginning salaries at the bank. That is, what was the differential beginning pay between male and female employees who otherwise had the same age, education, employment category, and work experience? Does this evidence support the charges of gender discrimination in the banks practices regarding initial compensation? 4. During litigation, it was charged that the banks unfair compensation practices had continued beyond its initial salary decisions. That is, the prosecution claimed that with time, not only the beginning salary disparities between men and women did not shrink, but further widened. Conduct the appropriate analysis to indicate (a) everything else being equal, what roles gender played in determining employees later salaries at the bank (salnow). That is, what was the average differential pay between male and female employees who otherwise had the same age, education, employment category, work experience, and job seniority (variable time represents seniority in terms of number of months employed at the bank)? (b) Compare the later pay disparities you have just identified with the beginning pay disparities you had found in question 3 above to explain if the evidence supports the prosecutions charges of continued gender discrimination beyond initial salary decisions, resulting in widening disparities in later pay. NOTE: For each question, provide thorough explanations on corresponding pages and parts of your printout.

Simple and Multiple Regression Analysis

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS?