METROLOGY AND REMOTE

SENSING APPLICATIONS
Dr. Na. Venkat Nathan
 LIDAR
LIDAR (Light Detection and
Ranging) is an optical remote
sensing technology.
Measures properties of
scattered light to find range
and/or other information of a
distant target.
The prevalent method to
determine distance of an object
or surface using laser pulses.

The range to an object is
determined by measuring the time
delay between transmission of a
pulse and detection of the reflected
signal.
LIDAR technology has application
in archaeology, geography,
geology, geomorphology,
seismology, remote sensing and
atmospheric physics.
The term laser radar is also in use
but is misleading because it uses
laser light and not the radio waves
that are the basis of conventional
radar.
The primary difference between
LIDAR and radar is that with LIDAR,
much shorter wavelengths of the
electromagnetic spectrum are used.
Typically in the ultraviolet, visible, or
near infrared.
In general it is possible to image a
object only about the same size as
the wavelength, or larger.
Thus LIDAR is highly sensitive to
aerosols and cloud particles.
Has many applications in
atmospheric research and
meteorology.
An object needs to produce a
dielectric discontinuity in order to
reflect the transmitted wave.
At radar (microwave or radio)
However non-metallic objects,
such as rain and rocks produce
weaker reflections.
Some materials may produce
no detectable reflection.
It means some objects are
effectively invisible at radar
frequencies.
This is especially true for very
 BACK SCATTERING
Lasers provide one solution to these
problems.
The beam densities and coherency
are excellent.
Moreover the wavelengths are much
smaller than can be achieved with
radio systems.
The range is from about 10
micrometers to the UV (0.250 nm).
At such wavelengths, the waves are
 Different Types of Scattering
Different types of scattering are
used for different LIDAR
applications.
Most common are Rayleigh
scattering, Mie scattering and
Raman scattering as well as
fluorescence.
The wavelengths are ideal for
making measurements of smoke
and other airborne particles
A laser typically has a very narrow
beam which allows the mapping of
physical features with very high
resolution compared with radar.
In addition, many chemical compounds
interact more strongly at visible
wavelengths than at microwaves,
resulting in a stronger image of these
materials.
Suitable combinations of lasers can
allow for remote mapping of
LIDAR has been used extensively for
atmospheric research and meteorology.
With the deployment of the GPS in the
1980's precision positioning of aircraft
became possible.
GPS based surveying technology has
made airborne surveying and mapping
applications possible and practical.
Many have been developed, using
downward-looking lidar instruments
mounted in aircraft or satellites.
A recent example is the NASA
TYPES OF LIDARS
MICROPULSE LIDAR
Use considerably less
energy in the laser.
Typically on the order of
one micro joule.
They are safer to eye -
can be used without
safety precautions.
 HIGH ENERGY LIDAR
Widely used for measuring many
atmospheric parameters:
the height,
layering and densities of clouds,
cloud particle properties (extinction
coefficient, backscatter coefficient,
depolarization),
temperature,
pressure,
wind,
humidity,
trace gas concentration (ozone,
methane, nitrous oxide, etc.).
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF
LIDAR
 LASER SOURCE
Laser — 600-1000 nm lasers are most
common for non-scientific applications.
They are inexpensive but since they can
be focused and easily absorbed by the
eye the maximum power is limited by
the need to make them eye-safe.
A common alternative 1550 nm lasers
are eye-safe at much higher power
levels since this wavelength is not
focused by the eye.
They are also used for military
applications as 1550 nm is not visible in
Airborne topographic mapping
lidars generally use 1064 nm diode
pumped YAG lasers.
While bathymetric systems
generally use 532 nm frequency
doubled diode pumped YAG lasers
because 532 nm penetrates water
with much less attenuation.
Better target resolution is achieved
with shorter pulses, provided the
Lidar receiver detectors and
Scanner and optics
There are several options to
scan the azimuth and elevation.
It includes dual oscillating
plane mirrors, a combination
with a polygon mirror, a dual
axis scanner.
Optic choices affect the angular
resolution and range that can
be detected.
A hole mirror or a beam splitter
Photo-detector and receiver
electronics
 POSITION AND NAVIGATION
SYSTEMS
Lidar sensors that are
mounted on mobile platforms
such as airplanes or satellites.
This require instrumentation
to determine the absolute
position and orientation of the
sensor.
Generally Global Positioning
System receiver and an Inertial
Measurement Unit (IMU) are
Lidar used for study the
nature of Aerosol
 Working
The radiation that is scattered by
various particles present in the
atmosphere is picked up by the
receiver.
The background sunlight is
removed by using filters.
This scattered light gives
information regarding the
particles present in the
atmosphere .
The sensitivity that is much more
One usually measures the time
dependence of intensity of the
backscattered laser light using a
photo detector.
The time variation can be easily
converted into the height from
which the laser beam has been
backscattered.
With the Lidar one can also study
the concentration and size of
various particles in the
 THE BACKSCATTERED LASER RADIANCE

THE BACKSCATTERED LASER RADIANCE

The atmosphere which has no aerosols and
the laser is backscattered by pure molecular
gases such as N2 , O2 , Ar, etc.
 THE BACKSCATTERED LASER RADIANCE

THE BACKSCATTERED LASER RADIANCE

If the atmosphere contain aerosols, then
the time dependence of the backscattered
laser radiance would roughly be of the
The kinks that appear in the
curve at the points marked X
and Y.
These are due to the fact that
between the heights h1 and h2
there are aerosols .
Which are responsible for a
greater intensity of the
backscattered laser light.
It may be seen that corresponding to
the height ‘h2’ the intensity is roughly
the same as that from a pure
molecular atmosphere.
Thus beyond the height h2 one does
not expect the presence of any
aerosols.
With the Lidar one can also study the
concentration and size of various
particles in the atmosphere.
Small particles are difficult to
detect with the microwave
radar.
The microwave radar can
detect the presence of rain, hail,
or snow in the atmosphere.
This difference arises
essentially due to the large
amount of scattering that
In addition a Lidar can also be
used to study,
the visibility of the
atmosphere,
the diffusion of the
particulate materials in the
atmosphere,
to study the presence of
clouds, fog etc.
The study of turbulence and
 Remote Sensing and
Lasers
Remote sensing is any technique
for measuring, observing or
monitoring a process or object
without physically touching the
object under observation.
Avoid hazardous or difficult to
reach regions, such as inside
nuclear or chemical reactors, in
biological hot spots, behind
obstacles, inside smoke stacks, on
the freeway, in the ocean depths,
Measure a process without disturbance,
such as monitoring flow around an
aircraft model in a wind tunnel or
measuring temperature during an
experiment.
Probe large volumes economically and
quickly, such as providing global
measurements of aerosols, air pollution,
agriculture, human impact on the
environment, ocean surface roughness,
and large scale geographic features.
Laser remote sensing advances
traditional radar technology
with benefits of shorter
wavelengths, less beam
divergence and wavelength
selectivity.
Optical remote sensing from
airborne operations can be
either active or  passive, by
Active monitoring of environmental
changes, terrain profile, water
abundance,  gas temperature and
concentration for various molecules,
clouds and other  parameters of
special relevance to forest studies,
have been carried out using  various
laser techniques.
Helped by field studies, both
techniques can be used to classify
 LASER INDUCED FLUORESCENCE
(LIF)
Lasers induced fluorescence in
plants, can be used to monitor 
plant species, through its
signatures in multiple wavelengths.
A fluorescence technique could be
used to  determine the
concentration of chlorophyll with
phytoplankton.
The fluorescence time is short,
close to a nanosecond.
Chlorophyll molecule P680 is detected
between 650 -685nm and its return
fluorescence can be  used to measure
the efficiency of photosynthesis.
Plants also fluoresce in the presence of
UV wavelengths (300-380nm) from
pigments other than chlorophyll
Bands from 530nm-575nm can be used
to locate paved surfaces and minerals
such as iron in rocks and soil. 
Bands of 770nm-810nm show cellular
arrangement and water content.
 LASERS USED
Solid-state lasers such as the
Nd:YAG (532nm-3µm) pulsed
from 100 - 200 Hz are used.
The 355nm is sufficiently short
to be dominated by  Rayleigh
scattering.
The 1064 nm wavelength is
sufficiently long to be
dominated by aerosol particle
The 532nm wavelength is
suitable for  both aerosol
and molecular scattering
having good detector
characteristics.
Solid-state lasers, the TEA
CO2 laser at up to 11µm can
be operated at PRFs of up to
300-400Hz with pulse
PRECISION LENGTH
MEASUREMENT
For precision length
measurement using
interferometric techniques
the laser light should have,
The large coherence
length
High output intensity
The method essentially consists of
dividing the beam from the laser by
a beam splitter into two portions.
Then making them interfere after
traversing two different paths.
One of the beams emerging from
the beam splitter is reflected by a
fixed reflector.
The other usually by a retro
reflector mounted on the surface
Thus a reflecting surface is moved, one
would obtain alternatively constructive
and destructive interference,.
It can be detected using a photo
detector.
Accuracies up to 0.1µm can be obtained
by using such a technique.
The conventional cadmium light source
can be used only over path differences of
about 20cm.
The lasers can make very accurate
This technique is being
used,
for accurate positioning of
aircraft components on a
machine tool,
for calibration and testing
of machine tools,
for comparison with
The most common type of
laser used in such applications
is the helium neon laser.
Since the distance
measurement is being made
in terms of wavelength.
In these measurements, high
wavelength stability of the
 THERMONUCLEAR FUSION
In laser induced fusion reactor,
deuterium-tritium pellet in the
form of cryogenic solid
The particle densities are ≈ 4
×1022 cm-3
The laser lights are focused
from all direction.
Within a very short time, the
outer surface of the pellet is
heated considerably.
So that the pellet gets converted
into a very hot plasma.
The hot ablated layer expands
into vacuum
As reaction gives a push to the
rest of the pellet in the opposite
direction (Inward, towards
centre).
Since the spherical pellet is
irradiated from all sides, the
spherical implosion front
With a incident intensity of 1017
W/cm2, the inward pressure will
be ≈1012 atmospheres.
When the implosion front
accelerates towards the center,
it sets up a sequence of shock
waves travelling inwards.
These shock wave leads to a
very high compression densities
along with the high
In order to obtain high
compression densities, the time
variation of laser pulse has to be
adjusted.
The successive shock wave do
not meet until they reach the
centre of the pellet .
The time variation of the laser
power should roughly be (t0-t)-2
When t=t0, at that time all the
 Laser Spectroscopy
Absorption spectroscopy
usually involves with a tunable
frequency source.
Producing a plot of absorption
is a function of frequency.
This was not feasible with
lasers until the advent of the
dye lasers .
Dye lasers can be tuned over a
nearly continuous range of
Laser spectroscopy has led to
advances in the precision with
which spectral line frequencies
can be measured.
This has fundamental
significance in understanding
the basic atomic processes.
The precision has been
obtained by passing two laser
beams through the absorption
This has selectively
triggered absorption only in
those atoms that have a
zero velocity component in
the direction of the beams.
This effectively eliminates
the Doppler broadening of
spectral lines from the
distribution of atomic
 Laser Induced Breakdown
Spectroscopy (LIBS)
A kind of spark, initiated by intense
laser light.
for sufficiently high electric field
strengths in an insulating medium
(e.g. air or glass) a breakdown can
occur.
The medium becomes electrically
conducting.
The mechanism behind this effect is
based on the acceleration of free
This starts an avalanche
process, during which
appreciable densities of free
carriers can be built up within a
short time.
A plasma is formed, which can
have a significant electrical
conductivity.
The plasma can be maintained
by further current flow, which
Breakdown in air and in other
transparent media can be initiated
by intense light.
The electromagnetic waves with
frequencies of hundreds of
terahertz.
The high optical intensities required
can be reached in pulses as
generated e.g. in a Q-switched laser
(with nanosecond durations) or in a
mode-locked laser and amplified in a
The intensity required for optical
breakdown depends on the pulse
duration.
For example, for 1-ps pulses an
optical intensity of ∼ 2 × 1013 
W/cm2 is required.
In solid media, breakdown can lead
to a modification of the material
properties.
Due to material damage or even to
 Physical Mechanisms
Breakdown with optical pulses are
different from those for static
electric fields.
Also breakdown of optical pulses
depend on the pulse duration.
For femto second pulses, multi-
photon ionization can efficiently
generate free carriers in the initial
phase of the pulse.
It is followed by strong absorption
by the generated plasma.

For long pulses, multi-photon
ionization is less important.
The breakdown starts primarily
from the few carriers which are
already present before the pulse.
For longer pulses the random
occurrence of free carriers makes
optical breakdown less deterministic
.
Whereas the breakdown threshold
can be very well defined for femto
LIBS operates by focusing the laser
onto a small area at the surface of
the specimen.
When the laser is discharged, it
ablates a very small amount of
material, in the range of nano-
grams to Pico-grams.
This generates a plasma plume with
temperatures in excess of 100,000
K.
During data collection, typically
At the high temperatures during
the early plasma, the ablated
material breaks down into excited
ionic and atomic species.
During this time, the plasma emits
a continuum of radiation
But this radiation does not contain
any useful information about the
species present.
Within a very small timeframe the
At this point the characteristic
atomic emission lines of the
elements can be observed.
The delay between the emission
of continuum radiation and
characteristic radiation is in the
order of 10 µs.
This is why it is necessary to
temporally gate the detector.
LIBS can often be referred to as
its alternative name: laser-
induced plasma spectroscopy
LIBS is technically very similar to a
number of other laser-based
analytical techniques, sharing much
of the same hardware.
These techniques are the vibrational
spectroscopic technique of Raman
spectroscopy, and the fluorescence
spectroscopic technique of laser-
induced fluorescence (LIF).
In fact devices are now being
manufactured which combine these
techniques in a single instrument,
allowing the atomic, molecular and
 LIBS Design
A typical LIBS system consists of a
Nd:YAG solid-state laser and a
spectrometer.
With wide spectral range, a high
sensitivity, fast response rate,
time gated detector.
This is coupled to a computer
which can rapidly process and
interpret the acquired data.
The Nd:YAG laser generates
energy in the near infrared region
The pulse duration is in the
region of 10 ns.
The power density
generated can exceed 1
GW·cm-2 at the focal point.
Other lasers have been
used for LIBS mainly
Excimer Lasers.

 Spectrometer
The scanning type spectrometer
consists of a monochromator and
photomulitiplier.
Non scanning type consists of a
polychromator and CCD detector
respectively.
The spectrometer collects
electromagnetic radiation over the
widest wavelength range possible.
This maximizes number of
Spectrometer response is
typically from 1100 nm (near
infrared) to 170 nm (deep
ultraviolet).
The energy resolution of the
spectrometer can also affect the
quality of the LIBS measurement.
Since high resolution systems
can resolve spectral emission
lines in close combination.
Also reduces interference and
This feature is particularly
important in specimens which
contains a large number of
different elements.
The spectrometer and
detector is connected by a
delay generator.
The delay generator
accurately gates the
 Applications
Spectroscopic investigation of the
light emitted from the plasma is
used for determining what chemical
elements exist in the sample.
Such techniques are currently
being developed for Mars
exploration.
Where laser-induced breakdown
spectroscopy should allow the rapid
analysis of the composition of
Marsian rocks from a robotic
 Anemometer
An anemometer is a device that is
used for measuring wind speed,
used in weather station.
The term is derived from the Greek
word “ANEMOS”, meaning wind.
Anemometers can be divided into
two classes.
A) measure the wind's velocity, and
B) measure the wind's pressure
Since there is a close connection
between the pressure and the
velocity, an anemometer designed
 Laser Doppler anemometers

Laser Doppler anemometers

•The laser is emitted (1) through the front lens (6) of the
anemometer and is backscattered off the air molecules (7).
•The backscattered radiation (dots) re-enter the device and
are reflected and directed into a detector (12)
Laser Doppler
anemometers use a beam
of light from a laser that is
split into two beams.
One is propagated out of
the anemometer.
Particulates flowing along
with air molecules near
where the beam exits
The light back into a detector,
where it is measured relative
to the original laser beam.
When the particles are in
great motion, they produce a
Doppler shift for measuring
wind speed in the laser light.
Which is used to calculate the
speed of the particles, and
therefore the air around the
 Laser Doppler velocimetry
(LDV)
LDV is also known as laser Doppler
anemometry, or LDA).
It is a technique for measuring the
direction and speed of fluids like air
and water.
In its simplest form, LDV crosses
two beams of collimated,
monochromatic, and coherent laser
light in the flow of the fluid being
measured.
The two beams are usually
obtained by splitting a single beam,
The two beams are made to
intersect at the focal point of a
laser beam.
They interfere and generate a set
of straight fringes.
The sensor is then aligned to the
flow such that the fringes are
perpendicular to the flow direction.
As particles pass through the
fringes, they reflect light from the
regions of constructive interference
Since the fringe
spacing d is known from
calibration, the velocity
can be calculated to be
v = f x d
Where ‘f’ is the
frequency of the signal
 Applications
LDV is used in clinical research
as a mechanism to partially
quantify blood flow in human
tissues such as skin.
However, within the clinical
environment, LDV is referred to
as laser Doppler flowmetry
(LDF).
It has gained popularity
because it is simple to use,
In principle a monochromatic laser
beam is directed at the skin surface.
Light that is reflected off stationary
tissue undergoes no shift whilst light
that is reflected off cells with velocity
(like red blood cells) undergoes
Doppler shift.
The degree of Doppler shift is
proportional to the velocity of the cell
into which it collided.
This light is randomly reflected back
out of the tissue and onto a photo
detector which calculates the average
 VELOCITY MEASUREMENT
It is well known that when a
light beam gets scattered by
a moving object.
The frequency of the
scattered wave is different
from that of the incident
wave.
The shift in the frequency
depends on the velocity of
If “ν” represents the light
frequency, “v” represents the
velocity of the moving object which
is moving at an angle θ with
respect to the incident and the
reflected beams, then
∆ν/v= (2ν/c) cosθ
Where ‘c’ represents the velocity
of light in free space.
The change in the frequency ‘∆ν’ is
This is known as Doppler shift.
Thus, by measuring the change
in the frequency suffered by a
beam when scattered by a
moving object, one can determine
the velocity of the object.
This method has been
successfully used for velocity
determination of many types of
materials from about 10mm/min
 Applications
Using the this principle,
portable velocity-measuring
meters have been fabricated
Which measures speeds in the
range of 10-80 miles/hr.
These have been used by
traffic police.
Laser Doppler velocimeters
 BASIC ARRANGEMENT FOR THE
VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS
The beam from a cw
laser is split by a beam
splitter.
One of the components
is reflected back from a
fixed mirror.
The other component
The two beams are then
combined and made to
interfere as shown in fig.
Because of the difference in
frequency between the two
beams, beating occurs.
The beat frequency is a
direct measure of the
 LASER TRACKING
By Laser tracking, the
determination of the trajectory
of a moving object like an
aircraft or a rocket.
Also it can determine the daily
positions of heavenly bodies or
an artificial satellite.
The basic principle of laser
tracking is same as the one
This technique is to measure the
time taken to travel to and fro for a
sharp laser pulse sent by the
observer.
Suitably modulated continuous
wave lasers can also be used for
tracking.
The basic principle of laser tracking
is same as the one used in
microwave radar systems.
 RETRO REFLECTOR
In a retro reflector, the incident
ray and reflected ray are
parallel and travel in opposite
directions.
A cube corner is usually used
to act as a retro reflector.
For example the surface of the
moon or on a satellite, a retro
reflector can be kept to reflect
The size of the retro reflector
is much smaller than the
corresponding microwave
reflector.
This is because of the smaller
wavelength of the optical
beam.
Hence the reflector can be
more conveniently mounted in
In a microwave radar system, one
has to incorporate corrections
because of the presence of the
ionosphere and also because of
the presence of water vapour in
the troposphere.
These corrections are much easier
to incorporate in the case of an
optical beam.
On the other hand, there are some
disadvantages in using laser
tracking system.
For example, when fog and snow
are present in the atmosphere, it is
extremely difficult to work at
optical frequencies.
A portion of the pulse that is sent is
collected and is made to start an
electronic counter.
The counter stops counting as soon
as the reflected pulse is received
 ISOTOPE SEPARATION
Lasers have been successfully used
to separate the isotopic species of
the elements present in an isotopic
mixture.
The technique of isotopic
separation is of immense
importance for nuclear power
engineering.
Natural uranium ore, used to fuel
nuclear stations, contains mainly
the isotope 238U and only 0.7% of
235U.
 Principle
The technique is based on the
fact the different isotopes
absorbs the light at different
frequencies.
A particular species is
selectively excited by a highly
monochromatic laser.
Properly tuned to specific
resonance, and then separated
For example, fig shows two
isotopes, A and B, their excitation
and ionization levels and the
isotopic shift.
The isotope A is selectively
excited by absorption of photon h
1, from a tunable laser.
The excited atom is subsequently
ionized by another photon hν2 and
The frequency separation
between the absorption
bands of 238U and 235 U is
more than ≈ 5GHZ.
The dye laser has a
bandwidth of ≈0.1GHZ and,
hence, it can be tuned to
pump the required isotope.
The beam of uranium atom
emerging from a heated
furnace is pumped by a
continuous dye laser tuned to
a desired wavelength, viz.
λ=5915.4 Å.
Atoms are then ionized by
exciting them be ultraviolet
The isotopes can also be
separated by photos-deflection
methods.
Absorbing a photon of energy
hν requires a momentum hν/c in
the direction of the propagation
of the photon.
When it emits a photon, it
acquires a same amount of
If it is made to absorb and
emit the photon repeatedly a
large number of times.
It may acquire a momentum
sufficient to deflect away
from the main stream.
The atoms, physically
deflected in this way, are
 Various Types of Separation
Hydrogen and boron were
separated by photo
dissociation.
Boron and chlorine by
photochemical method.
Calcium by two-step photo
ionization.
Barium and calcium by photo
The laser system sends properly
tuned and timed pulses into a
vacuum chamber.
Which contain a both uranium
vapour and electromagnetic or
plasma type of ion separator to
remove U235 ion from the neutral
U238 background vapours.
The module is surrounded by a
100-200 gauss magnetic field
Which focuses a high energy
electron beam along a narrow line
on the surface of the molten
uranium contained in a water-cooled
crucible.
The electron beams heats the
uranium to 3000 ˚K, producing a
vapour which is allowed to expand
radially to speed comparable to that
of sound.
The resulting electric field
produces electron current
within the vapour.
With the magnetic field,
deflects ions out of the main
stream onto the product
collection surfaces.
For a high ionization
probability, an average power
 Communication by Laser
The four techniques
commonly used for
transmitting large amount of
message over a long
distance, are:
Coaxial cable system
Microwave radio- relay
Wave-guide
For modulation- the act of
transferring a signal from one
frequency band to another- to be
effective without any interference
to the signal.
The system requires an oscillator
capable of producing a carrier
wave with a narrow spectral width.
The unique properties of laser light
viz. coherence and
Even when a highly directed laser
beam is used, factors such as
rain, snow, fog can cause heavy
power losses.
Laser transmission can be
shielded from the atmosphere but
putting lenses in an air tight pipe
spaced 300 feet or more apart.
However to allow the beam to
follow a curved path, a large
This difficulty could be
overcome by using a “gas
lens”.
A gas, for example carbon
dioxide is passes through a
heated tube.
Because the gas travels
faster in the centre of the
Establishing the refractive
index gradient which makes the
gas to act as a converging lens.
In this lens the losses are
limited only to the slight
scattering by the gas molecule.
Laser communication lines
based on the fiber optics have
been extremely useful in the
 LASERS IN INDUSTRY
The precision properties of laser
light have been of immense help in
industry.
Particularly in testing the quality of
the optical components: lens,
prism, etc.
Accuracy in the measurement of
the sizes of the physical quantity is
considerably increased.

The ability of the laser beam to
concentrate large-power in a
small volume is easily utilized for
drilling of small holes and for the
welding of small metal parts.
Lasers are found to be very
effective in cutting different
types of material.
A CO2laser of 100 W continuous
It can prepare cut-species
for about 50 suits per hours.
Laser cutting technology is
widely used in the
fabrication of space graft.
A CO2 laser of 3 KW
continuous output cuts
titanium sheets of 50mm
Lasers have been used as light source
for telephoto pictures.
Pulsed Q-switched lasers are suitable
for technical motion picture
photography.
It is possible to obtain pictures of
bubble formation at the rate of
200,000 frames per seconds with a Q-
switched ruby laser.
The spiky output from the normal ruby
laser has been found to be useful in
The intensity of individual spikes is
high enough for the light reflected
from the moving object to be
recorded on the photographic
plate.
The successive travelling of a
bullet at a speed of 20,000 cm sec-1
has been photographed using ruby
laser.
One obvious use of high-power
For example, one could use such
source to clean the exhaust gases from
combustion by selectively
decomposing noxious substances.
Similarly one could purify the feed
stocks for the chemical process by
selective destruction of contaminants.
It has been observed that the finger
print can be detected under laser light
where the normal method of obtaining
finger print trough dusting powder is
It is likely people carrying
some kind of fluorescent
contaminants on hands,
picked from minute traces of
ink, paints, etc.
If the blue light of an argon-
ion laser is directed at a
suspected finger prints.
Latent finger prints emit the
The laser technique can also
be used for detection and
analysis of older finger prints
on documents, current bills,
cloths, etc.
This is possible because finger
print contains, ultra minute
quantities o f stable amino
acids, which when treated with