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INTRODUCTION
Atmospheric refraction is the deviation of light or other electromagnetic wave from a straight line as it passes through the atmosphere due to variation in air densities as a function of altitudes. The propagation of electromagnetic and acoustic signals in the atmosphere is substantially affected by the atmosphere motion and associated fluctuations of the refractivity and the speed of the sound respectively. For radio communication, every path between point i.e. transmitter and receiver (except communication between radio satellite) passes through the troposphere which affect propagation. Refraction takes place when two different types of medium are separated by a surface which is very large and has very small irregularities with respect to the wavelength of the radiation.
JUSTIFICATION OF THE RESEARCH Modernization, industrialization and development in the world today are anchored majorly on telecommunication. this is dependent upon the propagation of signals within the earth atmosphere . The propagation of signal encounters some difficulties within the atmosphere which results to worst or bad signal at the receiving end such as attenuation, fluctuation or non reception of signals.
OBJECTIVES The objectives of the study are to: Observe seasonal variations of refractivities and refractivity gradient at the selected locations Observe seasonal variation of the parameters regionally over Nigeria Observe the height variations of refractivity at the various station Observe the height variations of refractivity gradient at the various stations Compare satellite retrieved refractivity parameters with radiosonde retrieved refractivity parameters over the stations for which they are available in Nigeria Observe refractivity value for each station.
Where T is temperature in kelvin, P is pressure in hPa and e is water vapour pressure in hPa Pressure, temperature and water vapour contents all decrease with height above the earths surface in the troposphere on the average, except in temperature inversion layers where temperature increases with height. N varies with height as N (h) = Ns exp (h/H) .2 Where N(h) is the refreactivity at a height h above which the refractivity is Ns, H is scale height . For the CCIR model atmosphere (CCIR 1982)
N (h) = 315 exp (0.136h) 3 Where 315 is the average surface refractivity and the scale height is 7.353km h is in km.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Source of Data Atmospheric parameters (temperature, pressure and relative humidity) data for this research work for Nigeria will be collected from the department of Climate Monitoring on Satellite Application Facility (CM-SAF), DWD Germany.
The products are extracted from archived data generated from several instruments on board meteorological operational satellite in geostationary and polar orbit as the Meteosat and EUMETSTAT polar system satellites, respectively. The satellites used are NOAA15, NOAA16 NOAA18
The data generated at different latitude and longitude for five different elevation levels. The data of location selected for Nigeria were based on their latitude and longitude
Table1:Sub-Sahelian Region
Location Latitude Longitude
Sokoto
130 02N
50 14E
Kastina
130 00N
70 37E
Gashua
120 11N
110 01E
Gusau
120 11N
60 39E
Kano
110 58N
80 29E
Maiduguri
110 52N
130 07E
Table2:Mid-Land Region
Location Jos Bauchi Kumo Latitude 90 53N 100 19N 100 02N Longitude 80 35E 90 49E 110 12E
Abuja
Jimeta Bida Lafia
90 08N
90 14N 90 03N 80 29N
70 07E
120 25E 60 01E 80 30E
table4:Coastal Region
Location Latitude Longitude
Oshodi
60 33N
30 19E
Sapele
50 55N
50 40E
Warri
50 24N
50 43E
Owerri
50 31N
70 02E
Calabar
40 57N
80 19E
Port Harcourt
40 4N
60 59E
Derivation Various formulae will be used in this research work to calculate and derive the needed parameters through the excel formular Refractivity The atmospheric refractive index can be computed by the following formula:
Where:
With the dry term of radio refractivity give by: And the wet term by Where: P = Atmospheric pressure (hpa) e = Water vapour pressure (hpa) T = absolute temperature (k) But, Where: H = Relative Humidity (%) es = Saturation vapour pressure (hpa) (ITU R P453 7; the radio refractive index: Its formula and refractivity data) Equation 5 thus become:
..9
Equation 10 and 11 is known as Clausius-Clapeyron equation. Equations 9 and 11 will be used to find refractivity. 3.3.2 Refractive Gradient The vertical gradient of radio refractivity in the lowest layer of the atmosphere is an important parameter for the estimation of path clearance and propagation effects such as ducting, sub-refraction, super-refraction, (surface reflection) and multi-path on terrestrial line of sight links. From ITU Rec. refractive gradient is given as
Ns = refractivity at the earths surface hs = height of earths surface above sea level (km) N1 = Radio refractivity at a height h1 (km) Equation 12 will be used to calculate the refractive gradient. Young (2008): Height h (km) will be determine by using the derivation equation from the ideal gas equation
Where R = gas constant (J/mol.K) T = absolute temperature (K) M = molar mass g = acceleration due to gravity(m/s2) P = pressure at height h (hpa) P0 = standard atmospheric pressure (hpa) = 1013 hpa