ASSIGNMENT 6

EXERCISE 1 & 2
Stefan Lederer | 0761467
Exercise 1 - Physical
Structure
 Explain the Oracle-concepts segment, extent, block.
Interpret the following statement:

create table test ( a number (8), s varchar2 (1000) )

tablespace USERS
storage (
initial 1M
next 100K
minextents 1
maxextents 100
pctincrease 50
);
Physical Structure
 Physical Design begins after the SQL
tables have been defined and
normalized.
 Goal is to maximize performance of the
database.
 Performance is measured by query answer
times, update times, etc.
Tablespace

physical file segment

Tablespace
 A tablespace consists of at least one
datafile located in the operating system.
 Default tablespace is SYSTEM
 Tablespace stores database objects like
tables, indexes, …
 Creating of new tablespaces
 CREATE TABLESPACE <name>
DATAFILE < file_path>
…
[ Extent Management <dictionary|local> ]
Segment, Block, Extend
 Tablespaces are
subdivided into
segments
 Segments are
containers for objects
like tables, indexes, etc.
Block
 Data blocks are the smallest unit of data used
by a database.
 Data block size is specified at database
initialization
 Should be a multiple of the operating system‘s
block size to avoid unnecessary I/O.
 Two space management parameters, PCTFREE
and PCTUSED, enable to control the use of
free space for inserts and updates in all data
blocks of a particular segment.
 Parameters can be specified when creating or
altering table, index, …
PTFREE
 PCTFREE sets
the minimum of
a data block to
be reserved as
free space for
possible
updates to rows
already existing
in the block.
PCTUSED
 PCTUSED sets
the minimum
percentage of
a block that
can be used
for row data
before new
rows are
added to the
block.
Extends
 An extent is a logical unit of database
storage space consisting of a number of
contiguous data blocks.
 Most CREATE commands contain an
optional STORAGE clause.
With the help of the STORAGE
clause one can specify…
 An initial size for the first extent
 This initial extent is created on CREATE TABLE /
INDEX
 The size of extents that are allocated if the
initial extent is full
 Sizeof this extent is specified in the NEXT clause
 Can be given in absolute or as relative factor
(PCTINCREASE)
 A minimal / maximal number of extents that
must be used for the given object can be
specified with MINEXTENTS / MAXEXTENTS
 Ensure that each extent contains at least five
database blocks.
PCTINCREASE
 PCTINCREASE (0 to 100 ) refers to the
percentage by which each next extent
(beginning with the third extend) will grow.
 The size of each subsequent extent is equal to
the size of the previous extent plus this
percentage increase.
 PCTINCRESE 1: 100K, 100K, 101K, 102K …
 PCTINCRESE 100: 100K, 100K, 200K, 400K ...
Four segment-classes
 Data-segments contain one of the
following data
 A table that is not partitioned or clustered
 A partition of a partitioned table

 A cluster of tables

 Index-segments are used to store indexes

 Setting the storage parameters directly
affects the efficiency of data retrieval and
storage
Four segment-classes
 Temporary-segments: Temporary
memory for
 Creating an index (sorting…)
 Set operations (union, intersect, …)

 Sub-queries

 Rollback-Segments
 The undo is stored in rollback segments.
create table test ( a number (8), s varchar2 (1000)
) tablespace USERS
storage (
initial 1M
next 100K
minextents 1
maxextents 100
pctincrease 50
);
 Table is created in tablespace USERS
 Initial Extend has the size 1 M
 2nd Extend has 100 K
 3rd Extend has 150 K …
 Minimum 1 Extend is created
 Maximum 100 Extends are allowed
Excercise 2 – Table Analysis
 create_part.sql
 Create Table PART with 20 000 Entries
Table Analyze
 ANALYZE TABLE part COMPUTE
STATISTICS;

OR

 EXEC
DBMS_STATS.GATHER_TABLE_STATS(‘db
t_yxx’, ‘part’);
Why Analyze a Table?
 It is used by the CBO (Cost Based
Optimizer)
…number of rows in this
table
 Select num_rows from user_tables where
table_name = ‚PART‘;
…average size of a record.
 Select avg_row_len from user_tables
where table_name = ‚PART‘;
…number of distinct values for
each column
 Select num_distinct, column_name from
user_tab_columns where table_name =
‚PART‘;
…the density of each
column
Select density, column_name from
user_tab_columns wehre table_name
=‚PART‘;
by the way: what is the
density?
 Density is a column statistic and provides selectivity
estimates for
 equi-join predicates (e.g. and A.COL1 = B.COL1) and
 equality predicates (e.g. COL1 = 5).

 The density is expressed as a decimal number between

0 and 1.
 Values close to 1 indicate that this column is unselective
 Values close to 0 indicate that this column is highly
selective
by the way: what is the
density?
 The more selective a column, the less
rows are likely to be returned by a query
referencing this column in its predicate
list.
 (Simple) Calculation:
 Density = 1 / Number of distinct NON null
values
The End
 Thank you for your attention!