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CEREAL BASED CROPPING SYSTEMS IN INDIA

Done by,

ALEX .K.GEORGE BSF-10-002

MAJOR CEREALS
Cereals are cultivated grasses(poaceae) with starchy grains. They are staple food to may areas. Some of them are rice Oryza sativa Wheat Triticum aestievm Maize Zeya mays

Cropping systems
Cropping system is a critical aspect in developing an effective ecological farming system to manage and organize crops so that they best utilize the available resources.(soil, air, sunlight, water, labour, equipments) It represents cropping patterns used on a farm and their interaction with farm resources and farm enterprises and available technology which determine their makeup. It is executed in the field level.

Basic principles of croppinsg systems


Chose the crop that complement to each other. Choose crops and a cropping rotation which utilize available resources efficiently. Choose crops and a cropping system that maintain and enhance soil fertility. Choose crops which have a diversity of growth cycles. Choose a diverse species of crops. Keep the soil covered. Strategically plan and modify cropping system as needed.

Types of cropping systems


Crop rotation:crops are changed in the field from year to year according to a planned sequence rather than the sme crop being grown in the sme field. Multiple cropping:two or more crops grown in the same field with in a given year with a defnite row arrangement. Mixed cropping:two or more crops grown in the same field with in a given year without a defnite row arrangement. Strip-intercropping:two or more crops are planted in the same field in alternate rows.

Efficient cropping systems


Cropping systems depends on farm resources, farm enterprise and farm technology. When land is limited, intensive cropping is adopted to fully utilise available water and labour. When sufficient and cheap labour is available, vegetable crops are also included in the cropping system. When capital is not a constraint, commercial crops like sugarcane, banana, turmeric etc can be fitted in cropping system. Rainfall is <750 mm/annum, monocropping is followed. Rainfall is > 750 mm/annum, intercropping is practiced. When water is plenty, triple and quadrupe cropping is adopted. Farm enterprises like dairying,poultry etc also influence the type of cropping system. When farm enterprises includes dairy, the cropping system should contain fodder crops as component crops.

Rice based cropping systems


In rice growing areas several crop combinations (cropping systems) are in practice I. Based on agro-ecological conditions, II. Market and domestic needs and III. Facilities available with farmers. some of the rice based systems are, 1. Mixed varietal cropping of rice. 2. Inter cropping rice with other crops. 3. Relay/paira/utera cropping. 4. Sequential cropping in rice.

Mixed varietal cropping of rice


System of mixing seed of early rice (ahu) with late maturing deep water rice (bao). Mainly practiced in West Bengal. Can avoid total crop loss at the event of flood. The seed of both the types of mixed in 1:1 ratio and has given higher yield than sole cropping of either type. Growing of a mixture of autum and winter varieties in 3:1 ratio in Tamil Nadu (known as udo) and Kerala (called as koottumundkan). Under normal conditions it has created problems in performing agricultural operations like harvesting, deciding fertilizer doses etc.

Intercropping rice with other crops It is a common practice under upland conditions in north and north-eastern part of the country To grow rice intercropped with black gram, green gram, sesame, maize, finger millet or other miner millets. The ratio of rice and inter crop is preferred to be 3-4:1.

Relay/paira/utera cropping

The seed of succeeding crops like lentil, gram, pea, lathyrus, berseem, linseed etc. is sown broadcast in maturing rice crop. This practice saves time; money (to be spent on land preparation etc.) utilizes residual fertility. This practice is common in both upland and lowland rice culture.

Sequential cropping in rice.


Sequential cropping refers to the crops grown as preceding or succeeding with rice as shown below; Irrigated conditions under upland Rice-Rice-Rice Rice-Chickpea Rice-Rice-Cereal Rice-Lentil Rice-Rice-Pulses Rice-Mustard/Linseed Rice-Wheat-Pulse Rice-Barley Rice-Toria- Wheat Rice Wheat Rice Wheat Rice Wheat Rice Mustard Rice Pea Rice under integrated farming system Rice-Fish-Poultry Rice-Fish-Duckery

Major Rice Based cropping pattern


Rice -Rice- Rice -T.N. Rice- Rice - Cereals other than rice Rice -Rice pulses Rice -Groundnut- A.P., T.N., Kerela Rice - wheat Rice -wheat - pulses Rice- Toria-wheat

Maize based cropping systems


o o o o Maize has wide adaptability and compatibility under diverse soil and climatic conditions . Hence it is cultivated in sequence with different crops under various agroecologies of the country Among different maize based cropping systems, maize-wheat ranks 1st having 1.8 m ha area mainly concentrated in rainfed ecologies. Maize-wheat is the 3rd most important cropping systems (after rice-wheat and rice-rice that contributes about 3 % in the national food basket. ) The other major maize systems in India are maize-mustard, maize-chickpea, maize-maize, cotton-maize rice-maize has emerged a potential maize based cropping system in peninsular and eastern India. compared to existing cropping systems like rice-wheat and rice-rice, maize based cropping systems are better user of available resources and the water use efficiency of maize based cropping systems was about 100 to 200 % higher at different locations.

Table 1. Maize based sequential cropping systems in different ago-climatic zones of India
Agro-climatic region Western Himalayan Region Eastern Himalayan Region Lower Gangetic Plain region Middle Gangetic Plain region Upper Gangetic Plain region Trans Gangetic Plain region Eastern plateau & hills region Southern plateau & hills region East coast plain and hills region West coast plain and hills region Gujrat plains and hills region Western dry region Island region Irrigated maize-potato-wheat Maize-maize Jute-rice-maize Maize-wheat Maize-wheat-mungbean Maize-wheat-mungbean Maize-wheat-vegetables Maize-rice Maize-rice Rice-maize Rice-maize Maize-chickpea Maize-rice Rainfed Maize-mustard sesame-rice+maize rice-maize Maize-wheat Maize-wheat Maize-wheat Rice-potato-maize Sorghum-maize Rice-maize Rice-maize Maize+legumes Rice-maize + cowpea

Wheat based cropping system


One of the majoor cropping system in wheat based cropping system is wheat- rice cropping system. the rice-wheat based cropping systems (RWCS) in India have significantly contributed in enhancing the foodgrain production and achieving the food self-sufficiency and food security . Major rice-wheat growing states are Punjab, Haryana, UttarPradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Bihar, and West Bengal rice-wheat growing agroclimatic zones 1. Lower Gangetic Plain 2. Middle Gangetic Plain 3. UpperGangetic Plain 4. Trans-Gangetic Plain. The average productivity is510 t/ha),

Wheat based cropping systems


Over mining of nutrients from soil, Disturbed soil aggregates due to puddling in rice Decreasing response to nutrients Declining ground water table Build up of diseases/pests Build up of Phalaris minor Low input use efficiency in north western plains other wheat based systems Wheat chickpea Wheat fallow wheat-rice-wheat wheat-green manure-wheat wheat-fallow-wheat.

Benefits of cropping systems


Maintain and enhance soil fertility. Enhanced crop growth. Minimize spread of diseases. Control weeds. Inhibit pest and insect growth. Increase soil cover. Use resources more effectively. Reduce risk for crop failure. Improved food and financial security.

REFERENCE
www.agropedia.com www.wikipedia.com www.reap-canada.com www.expert.iasri.res.in

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