Académique Documents
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M. Pharm., Ph. D
CONTENTS
Introduction Types of hazards Recommendations and Suggestions Industrial effluent testing and treatment Discussion on industrial accident case studies Questions References
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INTRODUCTION
Industrial hazards:
It can be defined as any condition produced by industries that may cause injury or death to personal or loss of product or property.
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Physical
Pollution
Chemical
HAZARDS
Electrical
Biological
Mechanical
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Physical Hazards
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Preventive Measures
Physical Hazards
Noise
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Possible noise control treatments Aerodynamic fun blades, revolutions/min pitch, pressure drop Install mufflers on intake,& exhaust, enclosure the machine with casing, vibration isolation & lagging of piping system Acoustically lined fun covers, enclosure 7 motor mutes
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Compressors
90-120
Electric motors
90-110
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95-110
Valves
<80-108
Avoid sonic velocities, limit pressure drop & mass flow, replace with special low noise valves Inline silencers, vibration isolation
Piping
9-105
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Physical hazards
Radiation Noise
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Radiation
Radiation are divided into two groups
Natural
Cosmic rays Environmental (radioactive elements e.g. uranium) Internal (potassium,) Approx 0.1 rad/yr
Man made
Medical /dental x-rays isotopes Occupational exposure Nuclear radioactive fallout Miscellaneous
Effect of hazards
i. ii. Somatic Genetic Preventive measures Radiation source should be housed in a building that shields any surrounding area. iii. Radiation badges should be worn. iv. Periodical medical examination. v. Proper use of lead shields & lead rubber aprons.
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Physical Hazards
Noise
Radiation
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Local
Dermatitis Eczema Ulcers Cancer
Inhalation
Gas Poisoning
Chemical Hazards
Ingestion
Living tissue may be destroyed by chemical reactions such as Dehydration Digestion Oxidation
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Cleanliness, removal of people from the areas as soon as first sign of skin reaction is observed. Handle with care
Solvents like chloroform, benzene Vegetable drugs like capsicum & podophyllum Long term use of filter without cleaning
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Regular cleaning
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Underground tanks
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PREVENTIVE MEASURES
Tolerance levels for toxic chemicals set by federal regulations have to be followed. Strict observation of operations of all safety regulations
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Biological hazards
Disease due to biological hazards Brucellosis (dairy industry) Byssinosis (textile industry) Bagassosis (sugar-cane) Loco motor disorder Preventive measures Periodic health check up Personal protection The manufacturer should also provide First aid facilities Initial examination Facility for vaccination Routine sanitation programme
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Mechanical hazards
Accidents usually take place by the combination of unsafe condition & carelessness. Most of industrial accidents are due to Faulty inspection Inability of employee Poor discipline Lack of concentration Unsafe practice Mental & physical unfitness for job Faulty equipment or improper working condition Improper training regarding the safety aspects
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Mechanical hazards
In order to prevent mechanical accidents factories act lay down certain requirements For cranes End buffers Indicating lamps Signals Proof loading upto20 tons 25% in excess 20 to 50 tons 5 tons in excess above 50 tons 10% in excess
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Mechanical hazards
Preventive measures
Building planning
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Building planning
Floors must be of unskid/non-slippery type. Enough space for employees to work.
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Building planning
Building planning
Preventive measures
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Electrical hazards
Shocks Sparking Fire Wiring faults
Preventive measures Proper maintenance of wiring & equipment High voltage equipment should be properly enclosed Good house keeping Water should not be used for dousing electric fire Worker should avoid working in electric circuits or equipment in wet clothing or shoes.
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Pollution hazards
a. b. c. d. Types Air pollution Water pollution Thermal pollution Sound pollution
Preventive measures
i. Those suitable for removing particulate matter a. Ventilation Exhaust ventilation Plenum ventilation b. Air purifying equipment ii. Those associated with removing gaseous pollutants Water pollution 1. Types of water pollutants Physical Chemical Physiological Biological 24 August 2012 KLE College of Pharmacy, Nipani 32
Preventive measures
2. 3. a. i. ii. iii. b. Problems of water pollution Preventive measure Control of water pollution Physical treatment Storage Filtration Chemical treatment Biological treatment Treatment of industrial waste Primary treatment Secondary treatment Tertiary treatment
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Preventive measures
c. i. ii. iii. iv. Thermal pollution Effects Damage to aquatic environment Reduction in assimilative capacity of organic waste Various off stream cooling systems Wet cooling towers Dry cooling towers Cooling ponds Spray ponds
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The DANGER header is used when there is a hazardous situation which has a high probability of death or severe injury. It should not be considered for property damage unless personal injury risk is present.
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The CAUTION header is used to indicate a hazardous situation which may result in minor or moderate injury. However, Caution should not be used when there is a possibility of death or serious injury.
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General Safety Signs (SAFETY FIRST, BE CAREFUL, THINK) should indicate general instructions relative to safe work practices, reminders of proper safety procedures, and the location of safety equipment.
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The biological hazard warning shall be used to signify the actual or potential presence of a biohazard and to identify equipment, containers, rooms, materials, experimental animals, or combinations thereof, which contain, or are contaminated with, viable hazardous agents.
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Pictograph
Pictograph means a pictorial representation used to identify a hazardous condition or to convey a safety instruction
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Signal Word
Signal word means that portion of a tag's inscription that contains the word or words that are intended to capture the employee's immediate attention.
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Tag
Tag means a device usually made of card, paper, pasteboard, plastic or other material used to identify a hazardous condition.
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Danger Tags
Danger tags shall be used in major hazard situations where an immediate hazard presents a threat of death or serious injury to employees. Danger tags shall be used only in these situations.
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Caution Tags
Caution tags shall be used in minor hazard situations where a non-immediate or potential hazard or unsafe practice presents a lesser threat of employee injury. Caution tags shall be used only in these situations.
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Warning Tags
Warning tags may be used to represent a hazard level between "Caution" and "Danger," instead of the required "Caution" tag, provided that they have a signal word of "Warning," an appropriate major message
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Effluents may be expressed as mg/ltr, ppm, %/ltr, and mcg/ltr Acidity / Alkalinity / Oil / Grease / CN / Phenol / Dyes content should be reported
TREATMENT METHOD
Acidic
Basic
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Lime or NAOH
H2SO4
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Phenolic compounds
Steam distillation-acidify (pH<4)- add CuSO4 solnAdd aminoantipyrine soln- extracted with chloroform
calorimetrically
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MEASUREMENT
Special designed bottle with flared cap Incubated at 20 0C for 5 day measuring DO Microorganism added if required
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N(V) (8) (1000) V1 V = Volume of sodium thio sulphate required. N = Normality V 1= Volume of sample taken.
V2 = Volume of ferrous ammonium sulphate solution consumed for test solution X= Volume of sample taken
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Parameters pH Oil and grease Total suspended solid, mg/l BOD, mg/l COD, mg/l Mercury Arsenic, mg/l Cyanide, mg/l Sulphides, mg/l Phosphates, mg/l
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Tolerance limits 5.5 9.0 10 100 30 50 0.01 0.20 0.10 2.00 5.00
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Chemical Reaction
Involves agglomeration of tiny particles into large particles Flocculation -by mechanical stirring and by chemical flocculants Precipitation -Large amount of suspended solid formed Coagulation -Formation of large and quick settling flocs by a) Reduction of charges and repulsive force b) Adsorption on long chain molecular structure
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REFRENCES
Pharmaceutical Production and Management By C. V. S. Subrahmanyam www.geocities.com www.britannica.com http://nptel:iipm.ac.in
www.waste_management_world.com
Sewage and Industrial Effluent Treatment, 2 nd edition By John Arundel The Theory & Practical of Industrial Pharmacy By Leon Lachman, Herbert A. Lieberman, Joseph Kiang, 3RD Edition Varghese Publishing House. www.osha.gov
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THANK YOU
Cell No: 00919742431000 E-mail : nanjwadebk@gmail.com
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