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PHYSICAL CHANGES
CHEMICAL CHANGES
ENDOTHERMIC REACTION
EXOTHERMIC REACTION
Similarities
Differences
No
No
Easy Less
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iodine is heated, purple vapour When the .. is formed. solid gas without Iodine changes from .to liquid state (sublimation). going through the .. touches the cold When the iodine vapour surface of the watch glass, the vapour changes .. solid back into .. state (black crystal). iodine Solid . forms on the lower surface of the watch glass. The change of solid iodine into iodine vapour is reversible .. physical This is a .change. BACK
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BACK
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ribbon burns with a ............... bright flame and The magnesium .................... white ash. forms .............. During the process: heat light - ..................... and .................... are given off. oxygen Magnesium combines with ...................in the air to magnesium oxide form ......................
Magnesium + oxygen
(grey metal)
rust oxygen water Iron nails ........................... when ........................ and ......................... are present. brown substance that consists of................................ iron oxide Rusts is a .................
No Is this reversible process ? ..................... Absorbed Is energy absorbed or released ? ........................... Yes Is new product formed ?.....................
BACK
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An endothermic reaction is a reaction which absorbs heat energy from the surroundings.
BACK
BACK
Sodium and calcium (very active metal) reacts very fast in cold water. Magnesium, aluminium and zinc (less active metal) reacts with hot water or steam. Non active metals such as gold and silver do not react with either water or steam.
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Chemical equations
Sodium + Water Sodium + hydroxide hydrogen
Magnesium + Water
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B.
Some metals react with dilute acid to produce salt and hydrogen General equation: METAL + ACID SALT + HYDROGEN
Magnesium, aluminium and zinc react with dilute acid Copper, silver and gold do not react with dilute acid
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C.
Metal
+ Oxygen
Symbol
Reactivity
Metal
K Na Ca
Most Reactive
Potassium
Sodium Calcium Magnesium Aluminium Zinc Iron Tin (Stanum) Lead Copper Silver
Explosion
Mg
Al Zn Fe Sn Pb Cu
Ag
Au Pt
Least Reactive
Gold Platinum
Compounds of metals lower down in the reactivity series are less stable and can be decompose easily by heating. These metal oxides can be reduced by carbon (reducing agent) into metal and carbon dioxide. Example:
Zinc oxide + Carbon Zinc + Carbon dioxide
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Symbol Mg Al C
Reactivity
Least active
Zn
Fe
Less active
Active
Sn
Pb
Most active
More active
Most active
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Oxygen
Water Acid
with
Reactivity of metals
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A more reactive non-metal (carbon) also can take oxygen from the oxide of other less reactive metal to form the less reactive metal and carbon dioxide. Example:
Carbon + iron oxide
More reactive nonmetal Oxide of less reactive metal
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Extraction of metals
Metal Potassium Sodium Calcium Electrolysis Extraction method
Magnesium
Aluminium Carbon Zinc Iron Tin Lead Copper Mercury Silver Gold Exist in metal form
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200oC
Sulphur + arsenic
400oC
1400oC
Blast furnace Hot air Slag is used as road surfaces Liquid tin is collected at bottom of furnace
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1 State what electrolysis is 2 State what anode, cathode, anion, cation and electrolyte are 3 Describe the electrolysis of an electrolyte using carbon electrodes 4 Explain the uses of electrolysis in industry
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5.5
ELECTROLYSIS
Switch Ammeter
A
Rheostat
Diagram 1
Anode
Cathode
anion
Cation
Electrolyte
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decomposition of substance using ..................... electricity Process of .................................... decomposes whenelectricity Substance that ........................... passes through. enter or .................. leave Substance that allow electricity to..................
an electrolyte.
negative The ............................... electrode positive The ................................. electrode positively charged ions .......................... negatively charged ions ...........................
Electrical energy
?
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Lead Bromine
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Cathode
positively The .............................. charged lead ..................... ions move to the
cathode
Bromide ....................... ions release electrons .......................... to the anode and form bromine ...............................molecules Bromide ............. Lead ................... ions receive electrons .........................from the cathode and lead become ........................ atom. Lead ion + electron ................. Lead ........atom deposited Lead metal is ............................. on cathode the ...................
bromine molecule
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Cathode
positively The .............................. charged copper ..................... ions move to the
cathode
Chloride ....................... ions release electrons .......................... into the anode and chlorine form ...............................molecules chloride ............. ion + electron .............. Copper ................... ions receive electrons .........................from the cathode and copper atom. turn into ........................ copper ion .....................
+ electron
chloride ...............molecules
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A. Electroplating
corrode Objects made of iron .................. easily when exposed to air.
coated prevent To ........................... iron objects from corrosion, they are
with a thin layer of non reactive metal such as copper. The aims of electroplating are to make objects more ....................... and .................. to corrosion.
resistant
attractive
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cathode i) An iron spoon is used as the ........................ anode ii) Copper is used as the .............. copper iii) The electrolyte is a solution of ......................
compound
At the anode :
The copper dissolves forming
copper
copper
THE ELECTROLYTE IS THE METAL SALT SOLUTION CONSISTING OF METALLIC IONS WHICH IS TO BE PURIFIED
IN THE PURIFICATION OF COPPER; The impure copper is used as anode The pure copper is used as cathode The electrolyte is copper sulphate solution
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B. Extraction of metals
anode carbon
Oxygen gases
Cathode carbon
Bauxite + cryolite
Molten aluminium
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B. Extraction of metals
At the cathode
aluminium i) The positively charged ....................... Electrolysis is a process to extract metals magnesium and such as sodium, ...................... reactive aluminium which are more .................... than carbon. Aluminium is extracted through electrolysis from molten bauxite .............................. ions are attracted to the cathode. ii) Aluminium ions receive electrons atoms and become aluminium ......................
At the anode:
i) The negatively charged oxide ..................... ions are attracted to the anode.
DIAGRAM
become
iii) The oxygen atom pairs together to form oxygen ............ gas
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A
Anode (impure copper) Cathode ( Pure copper)
C. Purification of metals
A
Copper sulphate solution
Mass of anode
decreases ..................
Impurities
The diagram shows how electrolysis is used to purify copper impure copper The anode is made of ..
pure copper The cathode is made of .. copper sulphate solution The electrolyte used is .. When electricity is passed through the electrolyte: i) The copper anode dissolves to form . copper ions ii) The positively charged copper ions are attracted to cathode the cathode iii) Copper ions receive electrons from the . and form copper atoms which are deposited on the cathode impurities iv) At the same time the settle to the bottom
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ELECTROLYSIS is a process of breaking down chemical substances in aqueous solution or molten state to its constituents by using .. Electrical energy .......... energy
(molten aluminium oxide) G . EXAMPLE: (At cathode):Aluminium ion + electrons Aluminium atom (At anode):Oxide ion Oxygen atom + electron
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ELECTROPLATING IRON NAIL WITH COPPER Name of process : .. Metal M: ... Electrolyte,N: .. **To obtain a good quality: 1. Dilute should be used.
Metal becomes ..
ANODE:
CATHODE: . 45
**TASK 4
PURIFICATION OF COPPER
Name of process : .. Electrolyte,P: .. ***The presence of impurities in copper will . its electrical conductivity. Hence, copper has to be . before it is used as a conductor of electricity.
ANODE:
CATHODE: . 46
In the cell,
Zinc i) .................... and copper plates are used electrodes as .....................
Cont 3 Cont 4
EXERCISE 1
In a simple cell, the more reactive metal acts as the negative ......................... terminal which gives out electron and the positive less reactive metals acts as the ...................... terminal.
negative In this process, the zinc plate is the ................... electrode positive and the copper plate is the ...................... electrode. electrons The .................. from the zinc atoms flow to the copper zinc electrode through the connecting wire. Thus the .................. electrode dissolves in the electrolyte. hydrogen At the copper electrode , ........................ ion from the electrolyte receives the electrons. positive The flow of electron from ..................electrode to ............... electrode through the connecting wire deflect the galvanometer. This proves that the process produces 48 electrical ........................... energy. negative
Dry cells
.............................. Remote control ...Alarm clock .............................. Used in vehicles .............................. .... .... .............................. .....
Radios Torchlights Toys
Advantages Light
Wet cells
.....
Rechargeable Long-lasting
..............................
Non-rechargeable
Alkaline batteries
Watches, ..............................
....
Calculators,
Hearing aids Cameras
...
Expensive Non-rechargeable
.
Use in electronic such as devices digital camera
................................... ADV 5 ..
Expensive
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Photosensitive Chemicals
sensitive to light . Some chemicals are .................. decompose when ........................ exposed The chemicals will ................... to light.
hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide
water oxygen
Silver chloride
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Instructions : Students are asked to answer the questions in Worksheet 2 after discussion.
Water and mineral salts are absorbed from the soil by the roots light energy .................
Photosynthesis
chlorophyll During photosynthesis, ................... light energy (green pigment) absorbs .......................... split The energy is used to ............. the .
water ..................... molecules into hydrogen oxygen ....................... and ....................... Oxygen .........................is released into the air ............................... hydrogen The ........................ atoms reacts with
Water ................................ +
sunlight Chlorophyll
Glucose + ............................
Oxygen .............................
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS
chlorophyll carbon dioxide oxygen glucose
water
water oxygen + . .
carbon dioxide
+ .
glucose
Sunlight .
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Instructions : Students are asked to answer questions in Worksheet 3 after discussion. Photographic paper
silver bromide Photographic paper is coated with ......................... .
light
greyish
Silver bromide
Silver
Bromine
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