Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
History
Primitive Peoples:
Logs Slabs of Rocks Intertwined Vines or Ropes
Nineteenth Century
Modern Long Bridges Moveable Bridges
Rock Bridges
View under Rainbow Bridge, a massive sandstone bridge in Natural Bridges National Monument, Utah, includes a dried up streambed. "Rainbow Bridge, Utah."
Rope Bridges
Log Bridges
LOG BRIDGE
Members of a Denver and Salt Lake Railroad Company (D&SL) survey crew pose on a log bridge over the Colorado River in Gore Canyon (Grand County), Colorado.
View of a settlement in (probably) Utah; shows a log bridge, a stream, and houses. People sit on a porch; a United States flag waves from a pole.
U.S. Army soldiers from the Ohio Engineers, building a small log bridge over a ditch, at Fort Sheridan, Illinois
LOG BRIDGE
View of hot springs site enclosed by stone and wooden frame buildings, Hot Sulphur Springs, CO
Covered Bridges
COVERED BRIDGE
Bridges. Old
covered bridge, Jackson River, Va.
CONSTRUCTION
Must carry own weight and weight of traffic
Must withstand force of high winds Must consider effects of contraction and/or Expansion due to temperature changes Most common materials Woodtemporary Steelfor long, strong spans Reinforced concreteattractive designs but difficult to work
with on large bridges Prestressed concretestronger than reinforced, cheaper than steel
TYPES OF BRIDGES
FIXED
Beam or Girder
Two parallel beams w/ flooring supported by piers Span can be supported by trestle Used for hwy over/underpasses or small stream crossings ExampleCovered Bridge
enz_bridge.jpg
ostruz.jpg
www.prevodi-vertalingen.com/.../ ostruz.html
Truss Bridges
FIXED
Truss
Beam bridge strengthed by trusses (structural spts joined to form triangles with tie rods) Lighter than ordinary beam sections of equal length Useful for longer bridges
View west of an iron truss bridge crossing the Colorado River on the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad Montrose line at Grand Junction, Colorado; people and horses are on a sand bar.
White Water Creek Bridge, Spanning White Water Creek, Bernard vicinity, Dubuque County, IA
Truss Bridge
View of a trestle bridge that crosses Arastra Gulch near Silverton (San Juan County), Colorado.
FAI 24 Bridge Over the Ohio River Paducah, Kentucky www.modjeski.com/projects/ servproj/paducah.htm
gcdranet.homelinux.com/davehonan/ bridges/il.html
Cairo
Arch Bridges
FIXED
Arch
One or more arches Masonry, reinforced concrete or steel Roadway on toop of arches or suspended by cables Spans can be longer than beam or truss
Aquaduct
Segovia, Spain
Pont du Gard
Bayonne Bridge, Spanning Kill Van Kull between Bayonne & Staten Is, Bayonne, Hudson County, NJ
http://www.brokk.com/images/jpg/sando.jpg
Sydney, Australia
Arches can also be set above the deck as on the Sydney harbour bridge in Australia. This allows much more space beneath for ships to pass under. www.bardaglea.org.uk/.../ bridge-types-arch.html
Blue Water Bridges are a major international crossing over the St. Clair river at the southern end of Lake Huron
Port Mann Bridge, Coquitlam-Surrey BC This graceful steel arch, once the third-longest of its kind in the world, carries the Trans-Canada highway across the Fraser River. In 2002 its capacity was increased with the addition of an eastbound high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane, bringing the total to five
www.balsabridge.com/ bridge-van.htm
Cantilever Bridges
FIXED
Cantilever Double-ended brackets supporting a
center span Shore end of each cantilever firmly anchored Center supported by pier
Quebec Bridge
Quebec Bridge
Quebec Bridge
Quebec Bridge
Quebec Bridge
Quebec Bridge
Quebec Bridge
On June 15, 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch. Cooper called this a "not serious" problem. In the inspection report in August, 1907, it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and "appeared bent". Although this condition was a bit more concerning, the work continued.
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure. The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890, 2.5 KM (1.5 miles) across Scotland's Firth of Forth. Note reflection of photographer from glass frame.
http://www.pre-engineering.com/resources/forth/forthbridge.htm
http://www.brantacan.co.uk/cantilever.htm
Lewis and Clark Bridge (Longview-Rainier Bridge) across the Columbia River.
Astoria bridge
Suspension Bridges
FIXED
Suspension
Roadway hangs from vertical cables supported by overhead cables strung between two or more towers Longest spans Costly Difficult to design Highly susceptible to winds and swaying Cables can be up to three feet in diameter
http://tapseis.anl.gov/guide/photo/Tanana_Bridge.html
Brooklyn Bridge
The 3rd Carquinez Strait Bridge will replace the original bridge that was built in 1927.
Ambassador Bridge
Ambassador Bridge
When it opened in 1964, the Verrazano Narrows Bridge was the world's longest suspension span. Today, its length is surpassed only by the Humber Bridge in England.
Verrazano
Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsing, Tacoma, Washington, 1940 On the morning of November 7, 1940, the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-perhour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound. The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world. Roadway of Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisting violently in a windstorm, Tacoma, Washington, 1940
Cable-Stayed Bridges
FIXED
Cable-Stayed Suspended by cables that run directly
down to roadway from central towers Less costly than suspension Quickly constructable Spans must be limited in length
Swing Bridges
MOVEABLE
Swing Central span turned 90 degrees on pivot
pier placed in middle of waterway Double swing possible
Catalog Advertisement
Moveable Bridge
Detail of south truss showing truss configuration and connections HAER, MASS,2-WIND,1-3
Detail of south truss showing truss configuration and connections HAER, MASS,2-WIND,1-3
Coleman Bridge, Spanning Phelps Brook, on Windsor Bush Road, at th, Windsor, Berkshire County, MA
Bascule Bridges
MOVEABLE
Bascule
One or two sections not supported by piers Balanced on one end by counterweights Section jackknifes up to allow passage of ships Most common type of highway drawbridge
View of an elevated train crossing the Van Buren Street Railroad Bridge which spanned the Chicago River from the Loop to the Near West Side community area in Chicago, Illinois.
Lifting bridges are moveable bridges which enable boats to pass. They vary from simple wooden designs such as many seen in the Netherlands to large steel structures which carry heavy roads such as the bascule bridge in Docklands.
Erie Street Bridge, a bascule bridge, with the two leaves in raised position
MOVEABLE
Vertical Lift
Central span extends between two towers Balanced by counterweights Variation of this type is bridge over Shatt-alarab River in IraqRoadway sinks into water to allow ships to pass over it
Goethals Bridge, Spanning Arthur Kill from New Jersey to Staten Isl, Staten Island, Richmond County, NY
Goethals Bridge, Spanning Arthur Kill from New Jersey to Staten Isl, Staten Island, Richmond County, NY
The vertical lift bridge that carries US-41 across the Portage Canal.
Bailey Bridges
OTHER
Bailey
Small truss bridge made in sections Assembled on shore Pushed out from shore to cover span Transportable to new sites
Bailey
Pontoon Bridges
OTHER
Pontoon
Floats on water Can be disassembled and moved to new site Supported by pontoons or barges
The U.S. Army's Sava River bridge is taken apart at nightfall and put together in the morning
View of James River Pontoon Bridge, from south side, above Jones' Landing.
Pontoon bridges, North Anna, constructed by the 50th N.Y.V. Engineers, below railroad bridge, where a portion of the 2nd Corps, under Gen. Hancock crossed 23rd May, 1864
Evergreen Bridge. The official name of the bridge is the Governor Albert D. Rosellini Bridge at Evergreen Point, after a popular former governor who was in office when the bridge opened.
Combined Bridges
Knie_bridge
Lake_Pontchartrain_Causeway-vi.jpg
Lake_Pontchartrain_Causeway-vi.jpg