LINEAR DC POWER

SUPPLY
THE IMPORTANCE OF DC POWER
SUPPLY
Electronic equipment are using an active devices like diodes,
transistors, and others. An active devices required d.c voltage
to operate.
Electronic equipment that requires a high d.c voltage uses a lot
of dry cells. Therefore it is not economical.
The electricity supplied to the public through the sockets at
homes and buildings are in the form of a.c voltage and the
value of these a.c voltage are high (1 phase = 240 V, 3 phase =
415 V)
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF DC POWER SUPPLY
Tansformer
to increase / decrease the voltage alternating current.
Rectifiers
convert the alternating current voltage to the voltage pulse.
Filter
convert the voltage pulse to the voltage at rippled or preferably the voltage
at pure.
Regulator
help to reduce to zero or at least to a minimal value.
Voltage dividers
divide the voltage according to the circuit.

A.C voltage D.C voltage



TRANSFORMER



RECTIFIER



FILTER



REGULATOR



VOLTAGE
DIVIDER
Figure 1.1 : Block Diagram For Dc Power Supply
to increase / decrease the voltage alternating current
Step-up transformer increases the voltage while decreasing the
current.
Step-down transformer decreases the voltage while increasing the
current
Figure 1.2 : Diagram and type of
transformer
Introduction
Most devices or electronic systems require a dc power
supply to operate.
Generally many source of power that supplied to the house
is a.c, so to get the d.c voltage, we use a rectifier circuit.
Rectifier to be discussed are: -
+ half-wave rectifier
+ full-wave rectifier
+ bridge rectifier.
HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT
Operation.
1. During the positive cycle of the input signal, the diode D is in
forward bias condition. D acts as a switch (close condition) and
the current can pass through the circuit. The value of the
Voltage drop on the RL is equal to the magnitude of the
positive cycle of the input signal. ( if we ignore the voltage drop
on the diode)
Vm
Vk
t
D
R
L

t
Vm
Vm
Figure 1.3 : Half wave rectifier and the
output
2. During the negative cycle of input signal, the diode D in reverse
biased condition. D acts as a switch ( open condition) so the
current can not pass through the circuit. So, the value of
Voltage drop in the RL during the negative cycle is empty.
3. When we connect the oscilloscope across the RL we will find
the output waveform is the same as Figure 1.3

Output Voltage
Output voltage for half-wave rectifier circuit produced only at
positive cycle of the current. Since the current through the
diode and the diode voltage drop is 0.7V (assuming silicon
diode), the output voltage is: -


frequency
The frequency output signal is equal to the input frequency.

Vk = Vm - 0.7V

FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT
When the a.c voltage provided on the circuit, the end of M and
N on the transformer will be positive and negative alternately .
When the input voltage is positive cycle , the terminal M is
positive, G= 0 (the earth) and N is negative.
Diodes D1 to be forward biased while diode D2 to be reverse
biased. Current flows along the M, D1, C, A, B, G.
A positive cycle of the wave will be produced at the load RL
M
N
C
A
B
G
D
1

D
2

R
L

Figure 1.4 Full wave rectifier circuit
When the input voltage is negative cycle , the terminal M is
negative, G = 0 (the earth) and N be positive.
Diode D2 become forward biased while the diode D1 become
reverse bias. Current flows along the N, D2, C, A, B, G. A
positive cycle of the wave will be produced at the load RL.
When we analyze the operation the output should be as shown
in Figure 1.5:
Vm
V
MG

V
NG

t
t
t
Vk
t
Figure 1.5: Output for full wave rectifier circuit
Output Voltage
Output voltage of full wave rectifier circuit resulting in two
cycles. Since in a cycle of current through a diode and the
voltage drop on the diode is 0.7V (assuming silicon diode), the
output voltage is: -



Frequency
Output signal frequency is twice the input frequency.

Vk = V
M-G
- 0.7V

BRIDGE RECTIFIER

A bridge rectifier can be made using four individual diodes, but it is
also available in special packages containing the four diodes required.
It is called a full-wave rectifier because it uses all the ac wave (both
positive and negative sections).
1.4V is used up in the bridge rectifier because each diode uses 0.7V
when conducting and there are always two diodes conducting, as
shown in the Figure 1.6.
Bridge rectifiers are rated by the maximum current they can pass and
the maximum reverse voltage they can withstand (this must be at least
three times the supply rms voltage so the rectifier can withstand the
peak voltages).
Figure 1.6 : Bridge rectifier
Figure 1.7 : Electron flow for positive half-cycles
Time
Time
Figure 1.8 : Electron flow for negative half-cycles
Clarify the application of bridge rectifier in a power supply unit.
Discuss the operation of integrated circuit bridge rectifier
a. Data sheet of a bridge rectifier IC
b. Pin configuration and assignments
c. Application of bridge rectifier IC
FILTER


Rectifier
circuit
Filter
circuit
V
t
V
t
V
t
A.C Voltage
Ripple voltage
Figure 1.9: The shape of waveform before and after filtering
process
Introduction
The main task of the filter is to convert the pulsed of a.c
voltage to a rippled d.c voltage or preferably the pure d.c
voltage and free from pulses of a fixed value as can be
obtained from the battery.
Among the circuits that commonly used filters are: -
C filter
RC filter
LC filters
t filter
Filter is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor
connected across the DC supply to act as a reservoir,
supplying current to the output when the varying DC voltage
from the rectifier is falling.



Filter Circuit
C1 R
L
Vk
I
D

Figure 1.10: filter circuit with electrolytic capacitor
The diagram below shows the unsmoothed varying DC and the
smoothed DC
The capacitor charges quickly near the peak of the varying DC,
and then discharges as it supplies current to the output.



Vm
20
t
15
10
5
0
6 2
8 4 10
15Vp-p
Vk
20
15
10
5
0
t
6 2
8 4 10
A
B
C
P
Q
R
X
Figure 1.11: Output for c filter
A filter is not perfect due to the capacitor voltage falling a little
as it discharges, giving a small ripple voltage. For many
circuits a ripple which is 10% of the supply voltage is
satisfactory and the equation below gives the required value for
the filter with capacitor.





Where: I [Amps], C [F], f [Hz] and Vr [V]
Note: The ripple voltage shouldn't be higher than 10% of Vs.

A larger capacitor will give less ripple. The capacitor value
must be doubled when filtering half-wave DC.
f C
I
Vr
. 2
=
Time constant R
L
C
1

Vk
20
15
5
0
t
6 2
8 4 10
A
B
C
X
Z
C1
0.1uF
C2
1uF
Vr
}
Time constant R
L
C
2

10
Ex 1: What should be the Capacitance to appropriately filter an
24Vpp AC signal, 60Hz and 1A?
F 6950
60Hz 12V 0,1 2
1A
f Vr 2
I
C =

=

=
Figure 1.12 : Ripple voltage if using different capacitor C1 and C2
RC FILTER

RC filter is a circuit that we added after the capacitor filter.
RC filters are produced by placing a resistor in series with the
load (RL) and a capacitor in parallel with the load (RL). Resistor
(R) will drain ripple voltage to a smaller value. Capacitor C2 will
filtering the remaining ripple voltage.
However, this RC filter has led to some disadvantages where
the value of the d.c voltage that across RL will also be
diminished to a lower value.
C
1



Rectifie
r circuit
C
2
R
L

Vk
R
Figure 1.13 : RC Filter
t filter acts to overcome the problems generated by the RC
filter.To built t filter we can replace the resistor in RC filter with
the inductor (L).
Inductor will only reduce the value of a ripple a.u. voltage.
Inductor has a low resistance to d.c but also provide a high
impedance to the a.c .
Thus, the d.c voltage output is not declining when across the
RL, but the ripple a.c voltage will be reduced significantly when
cross L.
C
1



Rectifier
C
2
R
L

Vk
L
Figure 1.14 : t Filter Circuit
By combining the advantages of series inductance and parallel
capacitor, LC filters have been produced. This filter also acts as
a low pass filter (low-pass filter).


Rectifier
C
2
R
L

Vk
L
Figure 1.15 : LC Filter Circuit
REGULATOR

An electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a
constant voltage level.
A voltage regulator may be a simple "feed-forward" design or
may include negative feedback control loops. It may use an
electromechanical mechanism, or electronic components.
Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or
more AC or DC voltages.
Electronic voltage regulators are found in devices such as
computer power supplies where they stabilize the DC voltages
used by the processor and other elements.
Regulation percentage:
where






VNL = no-load voltage
Vfl = full load voltage
There are three typical voltage regulator circuit is used: -

voltage regulator zener diode
transistor series voltage regulator
voltage regulator integrated circuit (78XX series)

%pengaturan
V V
V
NL FL
FL
=

100
%
min
pengaturan
Vmak V
Vmak
=

100
ZENER DIODE VOLTAGE
REGULATOR

Zener diodes will operate as a voltage regulator in reverse
bias.
Zener diode has its own specialties which it can regulate
voltage if operating in the zener region.
To operate in the zener region, the input voltage must be
greater than the zener voltage and the load resistance does
not cause the zener current equal to zero



Rectifier


Filter
Dz
R
R
L

Figure 1.16 : zener diode voltage
regulator

SERIAL TRANSISTOR VOLTAGE
REGULATOR
Transistors connected in series with the load will control the input
voltage allowed to the output. The output voltage are sampled by a
circuit which supplies a feedback voltage (compared to the reference
voltage ).
Referring to figure , if the output voltage decreases, increase in VBE
causes the transistor to produce more current, this current will
increase the output voltage and maintaining the output voltage
The zener diode will act as a reference voltage. The same process
occurs if the output voltage increases. The transistor will reduce the
current value, causing the output voltage and maintaining the output
voltage decreases.

R

Rectifie
r


Filter
Q1
Dz
R
L

Figure 1.17: Serial Transistor Voltage Regulator
VOLTAGE REGULATOR-
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (SERIES
LM78XX)

The 78xx (sometimes LM78xx) is a family of self-contained
fixed linear voltage regulator integrated circuits.

The 78xx family is commonly used in electronic circuits
requiring a regulated power supply due to their ease-of-use and
low cost.

For ICs within the family, the xx is replaced with two digits,
indicating the output voltage (for example, the 7805 has a 5 volt
output, while the 7812 produces 12 volts).

The 78xx lines are positive voltage regulators: they produce a
voltage that is positive relative to a common ground.


Rectifier


Filters

LM7405
1
2
3
C
1

Vk
C
2

Figure 1.18: Voltage regulator- Integrated Circuits
VOLTAGE DIVIDER CIRCUIT
A voltage divider (also known as a potential divider) is a simple
linear circuit that produces an output voltage (Vout) that is a
fraction of its input voltage (Vin).
Voltage division refers to the partitioning of a voltage among
the components of the divider.
A simple example of a voltage divider consists of two resistors
in series or a potentiometer (adjustable resistors). It is
commonly used to create a reference voltage or to get a low
voltage signal proportional to the voltage to be measured
In some systems of electronic equipment, especially equipment
large or complex, it consists of several stages, each circuit is
sometimes used voltages at different value like TV system,
there are more than ten different levels of circuit functions and
some that require voltage 100V, 48V, 12V.
A resistive divider is a special case where both impedances, Z1
and Z2, are purely resistive .Substituting Z1 = R1 and Z2 = R2

in out
V
Z Z
Z
V -
+
=
2 1
2
in out
V
R R
R
V -
+
=
2 1
2
Figure 1.19 : Voltage divider circuit
COMPLETE LINEAR POWER
SUPPLY CIRCUITS

Figure 1.20 shows a schematic diagram of a simple power
supply unit which includes full wave rectifier, filter and voltage
regulator.
C
1

C
2

L
Dz
R
L

R
Filter Regulator Voltage Divider
Transformer
Rectifier
A Linear
Output
Voltage
M
N
C
G
D
1

D
2