CHAPTER 7: DATABASE

7.1 Introduction to Database

7.1 Introduction to Database

LEARNING OUTCOME:
At the end of this topic, students should be able to: 1. Define database and Database Management System. 2. List advantages and disadvantages Of database.
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What is Database ???

Definition of Database

Collection of data organized in a manner that allows access, retrieval, and use of that data.
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Data

VS

Information

Data

Information

Data VS Information
Data is a collection of unprocessed items, which can include text, numbers, images, audio, and video. Information is processed data; that is, it is organized, meaningful, and useful.

Databases, Data & Information Valuable information should have the following characteristics:

File Processing VS Database

File Processing VS Database

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Database System - Examples

Payroll System Driving Institute Database System Grading System Air Ticket Booking System Library System Database System for Patients

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Databases

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Web Databases

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Database Administrator

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Advantages of Database
1) Reduced Data Redundancy - Most data items are stored in only one file, which greatly reduces duplicate data.
1) Improved Data Integrity - When users modify data in the database, they make changes to one file instead of multiple files.
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Advantages of Database
3) Shared Data - The data in a database environment belongs to and is shared, usually over a network. 4) Easier Access - The database approach allows nontechnical users to access and maintain data.
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Advantages of Database
5) Reduced Development Time - It often is easier and faster to develop programs that use the database approach.

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Disadvantages of Database
1) Database systems are complex, difficult, and time consuming to design. 1) Substantial hardware and software start-up cost. 1) Damage to database affects virtually all applications program.
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Disadvantages of Database
4) Extensive conversion costs in moving from a file-based system to a database system. 5) Initial training required for all programmers and users

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Database Management System

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Definition of DBMS
Database software, often called a database management system (DBMS) that allows user to; - create a computerized database - add, modify, and delete data. - sort and retrieve data. - create forms and reports from the data.
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Components of DBMS

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Components of DBMS
We can identify five (5) major component in DBMS environment : 1. Hardware The computer systems that the database systems runs on. 2. Software The DBMS software and the database application including operating system and network software.
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Components of DBMS
3. Data operational data and metadata.
4. Procedures The instruction and rules that govern the design and use of database.

5. People Includes the business analysts, database designers, Database Analysts (DAs), Database Administrartors (DBAs), application programmers, end-users.
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Advantages of DBMS
1) Warehouse of Information - large amount of data can be stored 1) Controlling data redundancy - the information in it appears just once 2) Program and file consistency - file formats and system programs are standardized. 3) Accuracy - up-to-date data is a sign of data integrity 4) User-friendly - Data is easier to access and manipulate 5) Improved security - Only an authorized user can access system.

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Disadvantages of DBMS
1) Cost - Implementing a DBMS system can be expensive
and time-consuming, especially in large organizations. Training requirements alone can be quite costly.

1) Security - Even with safeguards in place, it may be possible

for some unauthorized users to access the database.

3) Complexity in simplifying database 4) Require specific programming skills

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7.1 Introduction to Database

SUMMARY:
1. Definition of database and DBMS

2. Advantages and disadvantages of database.

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CHAPTER 7: DATABASE
7.2 Basic Concept of Database

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7.2 Basic Concept of Database

LEARNING OUTCOME:
At the end of this topic, students should be able to: 1. Explain the basic concept of database

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7.2 Basic Concept of Database

Data Hierarchy - Field - Record - Table Entity Relationship Data Type Data Dictionary

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DATA HIERACHY

Data is organized in layers

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DATA HIERACHY
All access to data starts at the top of the hierarchy and moves downward; for example, from customer to orders, vendor to purchases

Bits Characters Fields (columns) Records (rows) Files (table) Database

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DATA HIERACHY

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DATA HIERACHY

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FIELDS & RECORDS

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ENTITY RELATIONSHIP

is an abstract and conceptual representation of

data.

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ENTITY RELATIONSHIP

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ENTITY RELATIONSHIP

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ENTITY RELATIONSHIP

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ENTITY RELATIONSHIP

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ENTITY RELATIONSHIP

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ENTITY RELATIONSHIP

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DATA TYPE

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DATA TYPE

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PRIMARY KEY
A primary key is a field that uniquely identifies each record in a file.

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PRIMARY KEY

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PRIMARY KEY

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FOREIGN KEY
A foreign key is a field in a relational table that matches a candidate key of another table.

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FOREIGN KEY

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FOREIGN KEY

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FOREIGN KEY

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FOREIGN KEY

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DATA DICTIONARY
A data dictionary contains data about each file in the database and each field in those files.

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DATA DICTIONARY

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DATA DICTIONARY

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7.2 Basic Concept of Database

SUMMARY: 1. Explain the basic concept of database

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CHAPTER 7: DATABASE
7.3 Database Object

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7.3 Database Object

LEARNING OUTCOME:
At the end of this topic, students should be able to: 1. Explain the functions of database object.

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7.3 Database Object

Table

Query
Form Report

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TABLE

A collection of records that identify a category of data.

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TABLE

Data arranged in rows and columns.

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TABLE
A table (or set of tables) is the heart of any database, as it contains the actual data
collection

of records that identify a category of data, such as Students, Lecturers, or Academic.

Each

column represents a field

Records

are recorded in rows

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TABLE - example

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TABLE - example

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TABLE - example

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TABLE - example

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TABLE - example

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QUERY

Queries are a way of searching for and compiling data from one or more tables.

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QUERY
Used to locate information, to view, change or analyze it in various ways.
Running

a query is like asking a detailed question of your database. allow you to pull information from one or more tables based on a set of search conditions you define.

Queries

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QUERY - example
Query:

List of lecturers in Computer Science Unit ? What is their ID?

LecturerName Mohammad Ibrahim Fatimah Shanmugam Zakaria Mariani Yew chin Aun Farhana LecturerID 01645 01988 03634 07238 09721 18422 19725 20142
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Answer:

ONE-TABLE QUERY
- Step 1 -

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ONE-TABLE QUERY
- Step 2 -

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ONE-TABLE QUERY
- Step 3 -

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ONE-TABLE QUERY
- Step 4 -

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ONE-TABLE QUERY
- Step 5 -

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ONE-TABLE QUERY
- Result -

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MULTI-TABLE QUERY
- Example -

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FORMS
Forms

are so popular because they're useful for both the person asking for the information and the person providing it. you can always enter data directly into database tables, you might find it easier to use forms.
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While

FORMS
Using

a form to enter data lets you be certain that you're entering the right data in the right location and format.
can help keep your accurate and consistent. database

This

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FORMS vs TABLE
For

example, the orders table in a bakery's database might link to information about customers, products, and prices drawn from related tables. A record with information about a single order might look like this:

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FORMS vs TABLE
In

fact, in order to see the entire order, you would also have to look at the order items table, where the menu items that make up each order are recorded:

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FORMS vs TABLE
A

form containing the same data might look like this:

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FORMS - benifits
- record is much easier to understand.

- Modifying the record would be easier. - forms let user see entire records one at a time. - data entry process easier for the user.

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FORMS

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REPORTS
Reports

give user the ability to present components of database in an easy-toread, printable format. Using data from any query or table in database.

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REPORTS

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SUMMARY
Tables
Lecturers Students

Queries

Forms
Students

Reports

Students Name ICNumber MatricNumber Address

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