WEEK 5

DAY 1 - SERAIL AND PARALLEL PORTS THEORY SESSION)

DAY 2 - MODEM INSTALLATION DEMO SESSION)

DAY 3 - INPUT DEVICES (KEYBOARD & MOUSE) THEORY SESSION)

DAY 4 - INPUT DEVICES (KEYBOARD & MOUSE) DEMO SESSION)

DAY 5 - PRINTER THEORY SESSION)

Overview
I/O port is a channel that enables I/O devices to communicate with the system. A serial port is used to transfer a single bit of data at a time. Universal Serial Bus is connect different external devices CPU is uses the port to exchange data with other components.

Serial Port
Introduction
Serial ports can be used to connect any type of serial device like the mouse, modem, printer etc The different kinds of serial port are 9 pin D type Male connector and 25 pin D type Male connector from the system side. Difference between Serial communication and Parallel communication.
Serial Communication Serial communication is cheaper as it needs only one wire Suitable for long distance communication Parallel Communication Parallel communication is costly because it requires at least eight wires for transmission Not suitable for long distance communication

Difference between Serial communication and Parallel communication

Serial Communication The length of the wire required for transmitting data is less Parallel Communication The length of the wire needed for transmission is more(8 wires)

Speed of transmission is less Speed of transmission is high Example Modem Example Printers

Parallel Data Transfer Needs N separate Wires for sending N bits of data.

Bit 0

Bit 0

Sender Receiver

Bit 7 Media

Bit 7

Serial Data Transfer requires only one cable to transfer N bits of data
Dat a

Sender

Receiver

Media
Dat a

erial Communication Modes

Two communication modes for sending data Synchronous mode Asynchronous mode
Asynchronous Communication Simple and Cheap method of communication More overhead than synchronous communication since two or three bits per character are used for synchronization Synchronous Communication Communication between high speed buffered devices and hence costly The data is sent continuously and is faster. Provides better efficiency

Types of Communication Modes 1. Simplex Communication The communication channel can transfer data in only one direction. It is a permanent unidirectional communication. This mode does not allow acknowledgement to be sent back to the sender. Used for broadcasting.

2. Half Duplex Communication In this mode communication can send data in both directions but not simultaneously. The receiver detects the error in the data and asks the transmitter to send the corrupted data again.

3. Full Duplex Communication This mode permits data to be sent and received by the same communication channel simultaneously. Telephone is the best example for this mode.

RS 232C Standard Interface

RS 232C is a standard interface designed by Electronics Industries Association (EIA) It follows negative logic. Modem uses the RS-232C interface standard. Modem is connected to the computers at both the ends

The DTE is provided with 25 pin D type male connector

The modem (DCE) is provided with 25 D type female connector.

Null Modem

If the distance between the two DTE equipments is less Then connect the two DTE directly without using modem The Request to Send (RTS) and the Clear To Send (CTS) signals should be short on both the transmitting end and the receiving end.

The I/O address is a pathway for the processor to send data to the device or vice versa.

IRQ is used to catch the attention of the processor.

The BIOS configurations should be as shown in the figure

Connectors

The 9 pin D type Serial connector

Signal TxD RxD PIN NO 3 2 7 8 6 1 4 DTE (PC) Output Input Output Input Input Input Output DCE (Modem) Input Output Input Output Output Output Input

Purpose of the Signal Data

Handshake

RTS CTS DSR DCD STR

The 25 pin D type serial connector

Purpose of the Signal Data Signal TxD RxD Handshake RTS CTS DSR DCD STR PIN 2 3 4 5 6 8 20 DTE (PC) Output Input Output Input Input Input Output DCE (Modem) Input Output Input Output Output Output input

Parallel Port

Introduction

A port is a set of signal lines. The parallel port was designed to communicate with the printer A parallel port female connector has 25 pins

Parallel Data Communication The PC permits point A to send data to point B Many interfaces have been designed to transmit different types of data accurately.

By using an eight wire connector the parallel port greatly increases transfer speeds.

Devices Supported by Parallel Port

The latest parallel port permits highspeed bidirectional communications Network adapter, high-capacity floppy disk drives, CD-ROM drives, backup units are attached to the parallel port Parallel ports are used to connect SCSI device to a PC.

Connectors Parallel port is using a 36-pin connector on the printer side and a 25-pin D-sub connector on the PC side.

IEEE 1284-A has three types of connectors

The type A connector is the parallel port connector The type B connector is called the Centronics connector MDR36, which is called type C

Cables

Any parallel device with an HPCN36 connector needs a 1284 cable. 0

Printer Controller

The parallel port is actually called as printer controller It functions as a messenger between the CPU/BIOS and the printer Minimum 8 wires are required for parallel transfer of 8 bits.

Centronics Interface - A computer and a printer get the handshake protocol between them by the Centronics Interface. It supports around 100kb/s data transfer speed. The interface of the PC side is a 25 pin D type connector

Signals from PC to Printer

Twelve signals are there from the PC to printer. Among these 12 signals, eight signals are data bits and four signals are control signals.

Control signals

STROBE INIT SLCT IN AUTO FEED XT

Universal Serial Bus

Introduction

Universal Serial Bus is an I/O port is an external bus standard Used to connect different external devices like the external hard disk drives, printers, mice, scanners etc. The USB ports are generally present at the rear side of the PC along with the other I/O connectors USB ports can transfer data at 12 Megabits/second.

Features of USB Port

USB standard supports many different types of devices A USB hub can be used to connect many devices by daisy chaining them. The USB cable has four wires. Two wires to carry power and ground and two wires to carry data. USB devices are hot swappable.

USB Connectors

USB A connector

It is used to connect devices where the cable is always attached. Hubs, mouse and keyboard are the examples

USB B Connector

It is used by devices which need detachable cables. Printers, scanners, modems, telephones and speakers are the examples

Working of USB

The process of address assignment is called as enumeration. Three modes of data transfer in USB are

Interrupt Mode Transfers less amount of data at a time. Example: keyboard or mouse Bulk Mode - data is sent in large packets or blocks. Example: printer, scanner Isochronous - Data transfer is used by streaming devices like the speaker. Data is sent in streams between the device and the host

Devices supported by USB

The devices supported by USB Printers Scanners Digital Camera Mouse Keyboard Speakers Modems Storage Devices like Zip drive Network Connections Joystick The different types of USB interface are USB 1.1 USB 2.0

FireWire IEEE 1394

FireWire is a fast external bus standard. Two types of FireWire 1394a - data transfer is 400 Mbps 1394b - data transfer is 800 Mbps 1394 port can support a maximum of 63 devices Supports isochronous data and a high speed The maximum cable distance of an IEEE 1394 link is of 4.5 meters

Fire wire Connector

The cable consists of six copper wires. Two wire carries power and four are grouped into two twisted pairs. The IEEE interface uses six conductors with two twisted pairs of wires used to carry data and one pair to supply power.

Devices supported by IEEE 1394

o o o o o o o o o

Hard Disk Drive CD-ROM DVD CD-RW Tape Drive Digital Video Camera High Speed Printer and Scanner High speed mass storage Multimedia

Comparison of some features of USB and Firewire.

Feature Firewire 400 Mbps 63 Yes 127 Yes USB 12 Mbps

Data transfer rate Number of devices Plug and Play

Ports and the device supported by them.

Feature Firewire 400 Mbps 63 Yes 127 Yes USB 12 Mbps

Data transfer rate Number of devices Plug and Play

MODEM

Modems and Communication

Introduction

The most primary importance of the PC is communicating with other computers. You can access to the Internet at very high speeds by using various other alternatives to modem

Functions and Operation

The data sent by the computer is in binary form. The data is modulated and is sent over telephone line. The data sent over telephone line is analog in nature. It is necessary to covert the digital data to analog form and to covert back to digital form. Components of Modem

Modulator Demodulator Analog to Digital Converter Digital to Analog Converter

Asynchronous Serial Communication

Asynchronous means the modem that transfers data as needed It can transmit one byte of data at a time The actual data is surrounded by the start and stop bits Do not modify the settings of standard modem applications

Modem Types
1. Dial-up Modem

It operates through a telephone line by running the telephone line to a modem in the personal computer Install dial-up modem in the computer The software in the computer controls the modem The modem calls the phone number and makes a connection Then the information is exchanged between the computer modem and the remote server

2. Internal Modems Expansion cards such as ISA, PCI or Onboard are used While purchasing the modem, check for the compatibility Latest versions of Windows will detect the Win modem or Plug and Play modem

External Modems

It is connected to the computer by a serial or alternate type cable A telephone line runs into the modem It is connected to the serial RS-232 or USB port and mostly has own power supply.

3. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) Modem

data transfer rates many times faster than standard PSTN connection. ISDN can use existing telephone cables. ISDN speed is consistent

4. ISDN Architecture Primary Rate Interface (PRI)

Basic Rate Interface (BRI)

5. ISDN Hardware

Supports phones, fax machines and computers.

6. Cable television (CATV) Network Modem

It provides very fast Internet access and download speed can be 512 Kbps It uses copper-based coaxial cable The main trunks are fiber-optic; it is called a hybrid fiber/ coaxial (HFC) network.

7. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Modem

It uses point-to-point solution It does not use a shared medium like a CATV network

Modem Standards

The modem speed is calculated by BAUD rate in BPS (bits per second) Standard modem speeds are 300, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 14,400, 28,800 bps The high speed modems speeds are 33,600 and 56,000