Intelligence Preparation of The Operational Environment (IPOE)

Intelligence Preparation of the Operational Environment (IPOE)
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LESSON OBJECTIVE
Define IPOE and understand

IPOE process
Identify IPOE products and
explain how each product is used
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SCOPE OF PRESENTATION
Definition Review of MDMP Where IPOE fits into the MDMP Four (4) Steps of IPOE
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Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield
WHY SHOULD YOU KNOW IPOE? War is tough--its tougher when youre stupid
John Wayne
The enemy invariably attacks on two occasions ------ when you are ready and when you are not
MURPHYS Law of Combat Operations
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Intelligence Preparation of the Operational Environment
Intelligence Preparation of the Operational Envt
- a systematic continuous process of analyzing the threat and the environment
Intelligence Preparation of the Operational Environment
Intelligence Preparation of the certain Operational ..follows Envt procedures and

techniques
Intelligence Preparation of the .. performed as a Operational Envt cycle, from conception

of the operations to execution
.. (METT-T) Mission; Enemy; Terrain; Time; Troops
IPOE is common sense process applied to a map which shows you how to avoid ENEMY strength and attack ENEMY weakness

Helps Commanders apply
and maximize combat power at critical time and space in the battlefield
Supports staff estimates
and the MDMP
Military Decision Making Process

Step 1
MISSION RECEIPT
Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5

MISSION ANALYSIS DEVELOP COAs ANALYZE COAs COMPARE COAs
Step 6
DECISION & COA APPROVAL
Step 7
WRITE OPORD
OPORD OPLAN or FRAGO
IPOE STEPs 1-4

-AO/AOI -Terrain/WX -Refined -Prioritized Analysis Threat COAs Threat COAs -Threat Models -Draft Event -Event Temp -ID Intel Reqs Temp & -Pertinent Threat COAs Matrix -Collection Plan -Intel Synch Matrix -Intel Annex & Estimate
S3 S2
- concerned with what our forces are doing - concerned with what the enemy is doing
BAD GUY
You have to figure out:
Think RED!
Who are they? What do they have? How many do they have? Where is it? What are they going to do with it? How well do they do it? Can they sustain it?
Intelligence Preparation of the Operational Envt (IPOE)

Step 1Step 2Step 3Step 4IPB
Define the Battlefield Describe the Battlefields Effects Evaluate the Threat Determine Threat COAs
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IPB Step 1 Define Battlefield Environment
Step 1 IPOE Define the Opnl Envt
Identify characteristics of the battlefield which will influence friendly & threat operations Determine or establish your AO & AI
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Why is defining Area of Operations important?
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Area of Operations
A geographical area where the commander is assigned the responsibility and authority to accomplish his mission. Normally specified in the OPORD from higher headquarters A thorough knowledge of the characteristics of this area leads to its effective use
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Area of Operations
Assigned by higher based on METT-T Defined by boundaries: left, right, rear, objective Of sufficient size to allow completion of mission Cmdr has authority and responsibility to operate
Rear
X Area Of Operations II
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FEBA
FLOT
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AO
BN AREA OF OPERATIONS
x x
Area of Interest
A geographical area from which information and intelligence are required to permit planning for successful conduct of the commands operation Based on the ability of the threat to project power or move forces into the AO
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Area of Interest
Determined by Cmdr Input from S2/S3/ Battle staff Serves to focus intelligence development
Area in which threat may influence missionspace and time Area of Interest
FLOT
Rear
II
Area of Operations
FEBA
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AI
AI
AO
AI
BN AREA OF INTEREST
AI x
AI
AO
AI AI
STUDENT CHECK
Q: Who assigns your AO? A: Higher assigns it.
Q: What is the definition of AI?

A: A geographical area from which information and intelligence are required to permit planning or successful conduct of the commands operation
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Step 2 IPOE Describe the Battlefields Effects

Weather Analysis
Different from forecasting
Terrain Analysis
Modified Combined Obstacle Overlay (MCOO)
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IPB Step 2 Describe the Battlefield Effects
Key Word is Effects

Sir the terrain is very rugged and the temperature will rise 10 degrees tomorrow. - (Statement of a Bn S2 to his Bn Comdr during a mission/situation briefing on or about 2200H) Do not be a historian, you must describe how the battlefield will affect both enemy and friendly operations
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Terrain Analysis
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S2: The flat, slightly rolling terrain will have no impact on mounted movement.
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OCOKA
Observation and Fields of Fire Cover and Concealment Obstacles Key Terrain Avenues of Approach
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Obstacles
Natural or manmade features that will stop, impede, or divert movement.
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Obstacles
Obstacles to ground mobility:
Buildings Steep slopes Rivers Lakes Forests Deserts Swamps
Cities Jungles Minefields
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Obstacles
Obstacles to air mobility (greater than 75 feet)
Trees Towers Buildings Rapidly rising terrain Mountains Smoke or other obscurants
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Mobility Classifications
Unrestricted (0-30% slope) - terrain free of any restriction to movement. Typically flat to moderately slopping. Restricted (31-45% slope) - Terrain hinders movement to some degree. Little effort required. Speed may be hindered.
Severely Restricted (>45% slope) - Severely hinders or slows Movement in combat formations. Great effort required.
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Symbology
Restricted Terrain Severely Restricted Terrain
Key Terrain
Man Made Obstacle
Water Obstacle
K
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Cover and Concealment

Cover: protection from the effects of direct and indirect fires
Concealment: protection from ground, air and sensor observation

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Observation and Fields of Fire

Observation: ability to see either visually or through surveillance devices, from both ground & air
Inter-visibility
lines
Masked Terrain (Dead Space)
Fields of Fire: ability to effectively utilize direct and indirect fires 36 IPB CLASSIFIED
K8
Key Terrain:
Any locality, or area, the seizure or retention of which affords a marked advantage to either combatant.
Decisive Terrain:
Key Terrain which seizure, retention, or control of is necessary for mission accomplishment
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Avenues of Approach
Ground or air route of an attacking force of a given size leading to its objective or key terrain
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Mobility Corridors (MC)

Area within an Avenue of Approach which allows a smaller sized unit to deploy and maneuver in its doctrinal tactical formation.
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COO
K2 K1
K3
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MCOO
K1
K2
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TERRAIN ANALYSIS MATRIX

ASPECTS DESCRIPTION LOCATION EFFECTS ON EN EFFECTS ON FF DEDUCTIONS T T Ps
Obstacles
Avenues of Approach
Key Terrain
Observation & Fields of fire Cover & Concealment
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Weather Analysis
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Military Aspects of Weather

Visibility Wind Precipitation Cloud Cover Temperature & Humidity
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Visibility Effects
Reduced visibility:
Provides concealment Impedes reconnaissance and surveillance ( R&S)
Hinders target acquisition

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Wind Effects
Strong Winds:
Impact airborne and aviation operations Hinder communications and collection Impact smoke and chemical operations
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Precipitation Effects
Heavy rain or snow can impact:
Trafficability
Visibility
Electro-optical systems
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Cloud Cover Effects

Limits illumination
Degrades optical target acquisition Limits aviation operations Doctrinally viable cloud ceiling for CAS - 1,000 ft
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Temperature & Humidity Effects

Extremes of temperature and humidity:
Reduce personnel and equipment capabilities
Reduce aircraft payloads

Create logistical problems
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WEATHER FORECAST
CEILING 10K 9K 8K 7K 6K 5K 4K 3K 2K 1K 0K ILLUM RAIN: >1 Inch
(During evening hrs)
HI: 86 LO: 69 HUM: 25% PRECIP: 50% VIS: 30 Miles WINDS: 5 kts GUSTS: 15 kts
RAIN: <1/2 Inch

(Overnight)
RAIN: <1 Inch

(During morning hrs)
12%
21 JUN
19%
22 JUN BMNT: 0414 SR: 0517 SS: 1929 EENT: 2032 MR: 0927 MS: 2243
27%
37%
47%
BMNT: 0414 SR: 0516 SS: 1929 EENT: 2032 MR: 0828 MS: 2237
WEATHER ANALYSIS MATRIX

FACTORS
EFFECTS ON EN EFFECTS ON FF DEDUCTIONS T T Ps
Visibility Light Data Winds Cloud Cover Precipitation
Temperature and Humidity

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Products Produced
MCOO Weather and Terrain Analysis
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STUDENT CHECK
Q: What is the definition of Key Terrain?
A: Any locality, or area, the seizure or retention
of which affords a marked advantage to either combatant. Q: What are the military aspects of weather? Visibility, Wind, Precipitation, Cloud Cover, Temperature, and Humidity
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QUESTIONS ?
Step 3 IPOE Evaluate the Threat

THREAT MODEL is a model of the threat forces doctrine and TTPs for the conduct of a particular operation. Threat models are based on a study of all available information, structured by the OB factors of the particular threat force under consideration. Ideally, threat models consider all WFFs in detail. Threat models are normally prepared prior to deployment.
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STEP 3 Evaluate the Threat
Create Threat Model

Order of Battle Doctrinal Template Identification of type HVTs
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Order of Battle

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Composition Disposition Strength Tactics Training Logistics Combat Effectiveness Tech Data Misc. Data
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ORDER OF BATTLE
DIRECT ACTION CO INSURGENT CELL CO
MARLOPIAN PEOPLES LIBERATION PARTY DUKE LUMINOSO TBM ICC
X3
X2
X2
X2
TBM DAC WHETSTONE
TBM DAC HUACHUCA CITY/TOMBSTONE
TBM DAC SIERRA VISTA
SPF SIERRA VISTA, HC, WHETSTONE, TOMBSTONE, BISBEE
TBM ICC WHETSTONE
TBM ICC HUACHUCA CITY
TBM ICC SIERRA VISTA
X5
X5
X5
UNK NUMBER OF: SEISMIC SENSORS SAT TELEPHONES UHF/VHF RADIOS 3-4 M37 MORTARS PER CO CS/PEPPER GAS CAPABILITY 8 MEMBER CELLS; AMBUSHES, RAIDS, URBAN FIGHTING, RIOTS
UNK NUMBER OF: RPG AK-47 SNIPER (SVD) SEMTEX/DET UVBT (UNDER VEHICLE BOOBY TRAP) 10 MEMBER CELLS; ATTACKS TARGETING KEY PERSONALITIES AND FACILITIES
Situational Order of Battle

1/120 MIBR (+)
Brigade Assets
x3 2xBRDM-2 1xBRM-1K 3 x AT-5 3 x BRDM-2 3 x BRDM-2RKh 11xBTR-60 HQ 10xT-62
x3
x3 3 x AT-7 1 x BMP-2 (-) 3xT-62
x3
3 x BTR-60
(-)
1 x GMZ
E
2 x 120mm 3 x SA 18 1 x BRDM-2 AGL 6 x AGS-17 3 x BMP-2
(-)
(-)
6 x 120mm
9 x SA 18 3 x BMP2
Disruption Zone
Battle Zone
3 x GMZ 4 x Bridge 1 x IMR 1 x MDK 1 x BAT
E
9xAT-5
Support Zone
3xAT-5
Doctrinal Templates (Historical Patterns of Operation)

Graphically Portrays the Threat employment without weather and terrain restrictions.
Visualize how the threat deploys and employs his units and BOS assets.
Considerations: Preferred Formations Spacing between units / vehicles Width / Depth Location of Supporting elements
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DOCTRINAL TEMPLATE FOR OFFENSE
FLANK GUARD
PT GUARD
REAR GD
HVY WPNS
VANGUARD
MAIN GUARD
FLANK GUARD
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Doctrinal Template for the Defense

LOR
Support Zone Battle Zone
XX
Disruption Zone
II
30Km
XX
II II X
II
20Km
XX XX XX II II II I
10Km
I
LEGEND Ambush
XX
Disrupt Fix Contain Ctr Attack
XX I II
16Km
Distances defined by range (and time) LOR 12Km 4Km 14Km
63
2Km
0Km
KEY SYSTEMS BY WFF

WFF/Criteria SYSTEM CAPABILITY STRENGTH WEAKNESS REMARKS
SD-44
MAX. RANGE 1500M 15 RDS/MIN
Crew 3 + 6 Thermals
Wire ATGM Poor Armor Range 800M Night

Top Hatch exit for dismounts Poor Armor
8-12 pax
BTR 60
12.7mm Dshk, 100 RD/MIN, range 1.5 km 400-500m range, 120mm rifled MG, 7.62 coax 125mm smooth bore cannon,: 3km, 12.7 AA MG: 2km, 7.62 coax MG: 1.8km, Toophan -3 ATGM, range 3850 meters, 23mm cannon 30mm automatic gun, 1700m range, 7.62 coax, ATGM AT4 2.5k range 125mm (MTR) antitank gun, range 10.5km Recon, Ambush, Surveillance, Intelligence, Disruptions
Crew 2 + 12 Amphibious
8-12 pax infantry squad
Chieftan
Fire on the move
Movement and Maneuver
Zulfikar MBT / T72
Thermals
Armor Penetration 460mm at 2,000 M
BMT-2 APC
Mobility Amphibious, crew of 3+7, 400mm armor penetration w/ AT4 Easily concealed
Poor Armor Wire guided ATGM and poor armor protection Towed
BMP-2M (Boragh)
2A45
SPF
Mobility
KEY SYSTEMS BY WFF

WFF/Criteria SYSTEM
Fadjr-3 M-1978
CAPABILITY
240mm MRL, Frag HE, range 43km 170mm, range 40-50km, self-propelled howitzer 155mm, Self-propelled artillery, 25km 130mm towed Howitzer, Frag HE, range 22.5km rat 38km 122mm towed Howitzer, Frag HE, range15km w/ rat 22km 203mm, range 16-18km self-propelled howitzer 120mm, range 10.5km Air Traffic Control Track friendly fires Track 12 threats/ Min Tracked 6 ton weapons platform, or munitions / troop carrier
STRENGTH
Range, Mobile Range
WEAKNESS
Inaccurate, Not armored Slow, Poor armor
REMARKS
Raad-2
Accuracy
Limited armor protection Towed, 6 min emplacement, 7 min displacement Towed
M-46
Accuracy
Fires
D30
1.5 min emplacement, 3.5 min displacement Counter-battery capability Mobile, fast employment Amphibious Detection range Amphibious, good speed
M-110 M-65 (MTR) IL 219 Zoorpark
No armor Towed
Tracked, tall
M-548
No armor
Probable ammo carrier for arty
KEY SYSTEMS BY WFF

WFF/Criteria SYSTEM
Crotale
CAPABILITY
Wheeled SAM AA missile, Range 10km, Fixed 14,000 Rotary; 4 missiles Altitude 5,000 30mm AA Gun, 4,800 RD/Min; Missile: Max 8 K Fix 10 K Rotary; Altitude 3,500 Shoulder fired SAM, Range: 5.2km at tail; 4.5km at nose; Altitude 3,500 Shoulder fired SAM Manpad, range 5km, ceiling 3.5km Shoulder fired SAM Manpad, laser guided, range 8km 20mm; 500 RDS/Min; range 2KM 119 lb frag; Ceiling 13,700; range 25km Tracked mine laying vehicle, Bury mines 6 km/h, Surface mines 16 km/h, 7 types of mines Combat engineer earth mover, can dig tank ditches, clear trees up 30cm diameter
STRENGTH
10 KM missle dispersion ACU 3 KM Dispersion Launchers; IFF IFF, Thermal
WEAKNESS
8 M lethal radius; 16 Minute reload
REMARKS
Deploys in 3-4 Veh Platoons
2S6M
5 M lethal radius Very maneuverable missile
SA16
Deployment 5-13 seconds; easily hidden

IR-guided, fire and forget
Vulnerable to EO/IR Decoy
Misagh-2
Ceiling
Protection
RBS-70
Oerlikon
Ceiling, RPM
Truck mounted
I Hawk
1 Missile every three seconds; Mach 2.4
Old; Reload time
GMZ-3
Straight or staggered minefield
7.62 mm
BAT-2
Doze, crane, wench, Depth .5 meters
Large signature
KEY SYSTEMS BY WFF

WFF/Criteria SYSTEM
GAZ-66
CAPABILITY
4x4 Cargo truck, payload 2000 kg
STRENGTH
95 km/h speed, can ford up to .8m
WEAKNESS
No armor, No weapon system
REMARKS
M35/M135/M 35A2
Payload 5000 lbs up to 10000 lbs
Payload capacity Carries 12 personnel
No armor
Sustainment
M726 Telephone maintenance truck 4x4 No armor
M113
Crew 2 + 11 Some ATGM equipped Surveillance radar, 12.7mm MG, acquisition & tracking radar capability Armored recon vehicle, 90 mm cannon, 3 man crew, range 2.2km Range 30km, overhead imint surveillance C&S vehicle, Telescopic antennae, 4 to 5 tactical radios, laser designator, rangefinder, radio range 20-250km
Under 2 M tall Detection range 812km (man) 17-25 km (LAV), 25-30 tank/helicopter Speed 100km/hr
Weapons system
HJ-62C
Poor armor
Intelligence
EE-9
Brazilian; Poor Armor
Mohajer UAV
Unmanned Amphibious, Command & support vehicle, enhanced night vision & observation gear
Range
C2
BMP-1KSH
Stowed 7.62 mm
High Value Targets

Assets that the enemy commander requires for the successful completion of his mission.
Dont confuse with High Payoff Targets: Assets whose loss to the threat will contribute to friendly forces success
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Analyze Relative Combat Power

Elements of Combat Power Enemy Strengths And Weaknesses
Strength: BTR -60 with a 12.7 mm MG (1.5 km) Weaknesses: Top Hatch exit for dismounts and poor armor
Friendly Strengths And Weaknesses

Strength: M1A2 tanks 120 mm M68 rifled cannon (465.3 KM) Weaknesses: Heavy fuel consumption and heavy equipment restricts movement Strength: M119A1 105mm Howitzer with 19.5 km max range Weaknesses: Rely on air support for long range fires Strength: Air superiority Weaknesses: Moving in an open terrain,
Advantage Friend or Enemy
Maneuver
FRIENDLY
Firepower
Strength: Fadjr-3 with 240mm MRL, Frag HE, range 43km Weaknesses: Inaccurate, Not armored Strength: Crotale, Wheeled SAM AA missile, Range 10km, Fixed14,000 Rotary; 4 missiles Altitude 5,000, Dug in BPs Weaknesses: Can be easily detected by aviation , radar and recon assets Strength: Established chain of Command Weaknesses: Reorganization of their units Strength: Civil support and BMP-1KSH Weaknesses: It can be jammed
FRIENDLY
Protection
ENEMY
Leadership
Strength: Highly trained and educated Weaknesses: Fighting in foreign occupied territory Strength: Shadow, Prophet and Humint Weaknesses: Enemy air defense and signal capabilities
FRIENDLY
Intelligence
FRIENDLY
OVERALL ADVANTAGE: FRIENDLY
Desired End State
KNOW THE
ENEMY!
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STUDENT CHECK
Q: What is the definition of a doctrinal template? A: A doctrinal template is simply how the enemy commander would like to fight without weather and terrain restrictions. Q: What is the definition of an HVT? A: An asset the ENEMY commander needs to accomplish his mission.
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Step 4 IPOE Determine Threat COAs Situation Templates Event Template
Event Matrix
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STEP 4 Determine Threat COAs
Situation Templates
Show how the enemy might deploy and operate within the constraints imposed by the weather and terrain
Putting it all together

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Situation Templates
MCOO + Doctrinal Template Situation Templates
* Depiction of all possible threat COAs

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x SITUATION TEMPLATE
AI
x
AI
AO MIRIAM
AI
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Event Template
Depicts locations where critical events and activities are expected to occur and where critical targets will appear
Consists of Named Areas of Interest (NAIs) and Time Phase Lines (TPLs) One Event Template covers all Enemy COAs
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Named Area of Interest

Geographical area where information collected will satisfy a specific information requirement (IR)
Point or area, generally along an AA or MC, where activity (or lack of) will confirm or deny an enemy COA Should be linked to a PIR
Time Phase Lines (TPL)

Lines that provide comparison of enemys mobility along Avenues of Approach
Adjusted for terrain and actual combat movement
Assist in tracking the enemy and directing collection assets

Based on doctrinal rates of movement.
EVENT TEMPLATE
H+4
NAI 3
H+3
H+2 H+1
NAI 4
H-Hr
NAI 2
H+4 H+3
NAI1
H+2
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H-Hr
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H+1
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Event Matrix
A list of significant enemy activities expected within a geographical location and what time the event is expected to take place
Building block for the collection plan
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Event Matrix
NAI Event
1 2 2 3 4 Recon Platoon Engineers Tank Co 122 How. Btry. Tank Bn
NET Time NLT Time

H-4 H-2 H-2 H hour H+2 H-2 H-1 H-1 H+2 H+3.5
Indicates ECOA
ECOA 2 ECOA 1 ECOA 3 ECOA 1 ECOA2
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Desired End State

Identify COAs available to the enemy
Identify NAIs that will indicate which COA the threat CDR has chosen
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RECAP
IPOE Process
Step 1 Define the Battlefield Environment Step 2 Describe the Battlefield Effects Step 3 Evaluate the Threat Step 4 Determine Threat COAs
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Key IPOE Products

Area of Operations (AO) Area of Interest (AI) Modified Combined Obstacle Overlay (MCOO) Terrain and Weather Effects Order of Battle Doctrinal Template Identification of HVTs
Situation Templates
Event Template Event Matrix
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QUESTIONS?
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Intelligence Preparation of The Operational Environment (IPOE)

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Intelligence Preparation of The Operational Environment (IPOE)

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Intelligence Preparation of the Operational Environment (IPOE)

Define IPOE and understand

Identify IPOE products and

explain how each product is used

Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield