CELL STRUCTURE & CELL ORGANISATION

CHAPTER 2.0

Cell structure and function

- Living organisms are made of basic units called cells. - The living component of a cell is called the protoplasm. It consists of the cytoplasm and the nucleus. - Protoplasm is surrounded by plasma membrane. - Cytoplasm contains structures called organelles.

Lysosome I

Smooth F

C Rough Endoplasmic E Reticulum

G Centriole H Ribosome J

B
Chromosomes

Chromosomes

Ribosome G F

B A

E
D

I J

COMPARISON BETWEEN THE STRUCTURE OF ANIMAL AND PLANT CELL

Plasma membrane

COMPARISON BETWEEN THE STRUCTURE OF ANIMAL AND PLANT CELL

Without centrioles

Centrioles

With centrioles

Homework!

Cell structure and function

Name of structures / organelles Cell wall Plasma membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Ribosomes Vacoules Endoplasmic Rec. Mitochondrion Golgi apparatus Chloroplast Lysosomes Centrioles Characteristics / structures Functions

CELL ORGANISATION
- Unicellular organisms small and simple organisms. - They can carry out vital functions within a single cell. - How does a unicellular organism perform these living process?

Amoeba sp.

Amoeba sp.

Breathing - The exchange of gases occur through the plasma membrane by diffusion. Excretion - The waste substances are excreted from amoeba by diffusion. - As amoeba lives in freshwater, water diffuses into cell by osmosis and fills the contractile vacoule. - When the vacoule is filled to a maximum size, it contracts to expel its contents. This process is called osmoregulation.

CELL SPECIALISATION IN MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS

Parenchyma tissue

Bone tissue

Connective tissue

Nerve tissue

Schlerenchyma tissue

collenchymas tissue

CELL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS

ANIMAL TISSUES
Tissue 1. Epithelial tissue (Pg. 26, Fig. 2.6) Function -Forms thin sheets that line & cover body structure. - The function depends on its location in an organ -Contract & relax to produce movement Example -on the skin- form a protective barrier -in the lining of human intestine form mucus secreting goblet cells 3 types: a. Smooth muscle -Found in intestine b. Skeletal muscle -Found in our arms/legs c. Cardiac muscle -Found in the walls of heart.

2. Muscle tissue (Pg. 27, Photo. 2.16)

Tissue 3. Nerve tissue

(Pg. 27, Photo. 2.17)

Function -conduct nerve impulses -control & coordinate activities of the body

Example Densely packed nerve cells (neurones)

Tissue 4. Connective tissue

Function

Example

Holds the 6 types: body a. Loose connective tissue together (Pg. 27, Photo. 2.18) -binds epithelia to underlying tissue -holds organ in place b. Dense fibrous connective tissue (Pg. 27, Photo. 2.18) -contains a large no. of collagenous fibres -can be found in tendons (connect muscle to bone) & ligament (join bones together at joints) c. Cartilage (Pg. 27, Photo. 2.19) -support nose, ears & covers the end of bone at joints

Tissue

Function

Example d. Bone (Pg. 28, Photo 2.20) -provides protection to organs and support the body e. Blood cells (Pg. 28, Photo. 2.21) -has regulating, transporting & protective function f. Adipose tissues (Pg. 28, Photo. 2.22) -stores fat, an energy reserve & provides insulation & protection -found in the dermis of the skin & around major organs

CELL ORGANISATION IN MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS

PLANT TISSUES
Plant tissues 2 main types a. Meristematic tissues b. Permanent tissues Permanent Tissue 1. Epidermal tissue (Pg. 30, Photo 2.24 & 2.25) Function -covers & protects underlying tissue from drying out & from mechanical abrasions Example -epidermis of leaves, cork layers of stems & roots.

Permanent Tissue 2. Ground tissue (Pg. 30, Photo 2.26)

Function

Example

-chief 3 types: functions are a. Parenchyma tissue to store food & -have thin primary walls & large to provide vacoules support -store starch and sugar -give support & shape to herbaceous plants b. Collenchyma tissues -supports herbaceous plants young stems and petioles c. Sclerenchyma tissues -have cell walls which thickened by lignin & may be dead -give support & mechanical strength to mature plant

Permanent Tissue

Function

Example
2 types: a. Xylem (Pg. 31, Photo 2.27a) -consist mainly of xylem vessel joined together end to end -the cell walls are thickened with lignin -provide support b. Phloem (Pg. 31, Photo 2.27b) -consist mainly sieve tubes which are arranged end to end to form long continuous tube-like structure

3. Vascular -Distributes tissue water, mineral salts & photosynthetic products throughout the plant

REGULATING THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT The internal environment of multicellular organism Internal environment consist of interstitial fluid + blood plasma Interstitial fluid fills the place between the cells and constantly bathes the cells.

cells A

Blood B capillary

D Interstitial fluid

C Blood plasma

THE NECESSITY FOR MAINTAINING AN OPTIMAL INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

The physical factors & chemical factors of the internal environment must be maintained regardless of the conditions outside the cells in order for the cells to function optimally.
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment for the cells to function optimally.

The factors which should be maintained in internal environment:

Physical factors temperature, blood pressure and osmotic pressure Chemical factors salt & sugar content and pH value

Any increase or decrease in the value of a physical / chemical factor will trigger the homeostatic mechanism to bring it back to normal.
The mechanism that governs homeostasis is called the negative feedback mechanism.
THE INVOLVEMENT OF VARIOUS SYSTEMS IN MAINTAINING AN OPTIMAL INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

(Refer textbook Pg 34, Fig. 2.11)

TEMPERATURE REGULATION

APPRECIATING THE UNIQUINESS OF THE CELL

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