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Chapter 16
Acids and Bases
Properties of Acids
Sour taste Change color of vegetable dyes (indicators) React with active metals
Like Al, Zn, Fe, but not Cu, Ag or Au Zn + 2 HClZnCl2 + H2
Properties of Bases
Also known as alkalis Bitter Taste Feel slippery Change color of vegetable dyes
Different color than acid Litmus = blue
React with acids to form ionic salts, and often water (HCl + NaOH NaCl + HOH)
Neutralization
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Lab Results
Bases (X+ + OH-)
Acids (H+ + A-)
Taste Bitter Feel (choose slippery Slippery or not slippery) pH (# from the key) >7 Litmus (blue or red) RedBlue ClearPink Phenolphthalein (Fuschia) Bromothymol Blue Magnesium NR Limestone CaCO3 NR
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Sour
Not slippery
<7 BlueRed
Stayed clear (cloudy)
Yellow
Bubbles (H2)
Bubbles (CO2)
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Mnemonic Device
H+ A pH = litmus
B+OHBIV uschia 14
6 6
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Arrhenius Theory
Acids ionize in water to H+ ions and anions Bases ionize in water to OH- ions and cations Neutralization reaction involves H+ combining with OH- to make water H+ ions are protons
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Brnsted-Lowery Theory
H+ transfer reaction
Since H+ is a proton, also known as proton transfer reactions
In the reaction, a proton from the acid molecule is transferred to the base molecule
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Example #1:
Write the conjugate base for the acid H3PO4
Determine what species you will get if you remove 1 H+1 from the acid. Conjugate base will have one more negative charge than the original acid
H3PO4 H+ + H2PO4-
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Acids in Water
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acid
base
Conjugate base
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Bases in Water
Conjugate acid-base pair Conjugate acid-base pair
base
acid
Conjugate base
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NO3H2O OHH2SO4
OHH3O+ HCO3HSO4-
Br-
ClO4-
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Only small fraction of weak base molecules pull H+ off water: HCO3- + H2O H2CO3 + OH-
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Multiprotic Acids
Monoprotic acids have 1 acid H, diprotic 2, etc.
In oxyacids only the H on the O is acidic (why?)
In strong multiprotic acids, like H2SO4, only the first H is strong; transferring the second H is usually weak H2SO4 + H2O H3O+ + HSO4HSO4- + H2O H3O+ + SO4-2
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Water can even react with itself: H2O + H2O H3O + + OH-
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Autoionization of Water
Water is an extremely weak electrolyte.
Therefore there must be a few ions present
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[H+]
1 x 10-14 [OH-]
[OH-]
-14 1 x 10 = [H+]
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pH scale
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Example #2
Determine the [H+] and [OH-] in a 10.0 M H+ solution
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Example #2 (cont.)
Determine the given information and the information you need to find
Given [H+] = 10.0 M, find [OH-]
Kw [H ] x [OH- ] Kw [OH ] [H ]
-
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Example #2 (cont.)
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pH & pOH
The acidity/basicity of a solution is often expressed as pH or pOH. pH = -log[H3O+] pOH = -log[OH-] pHwater = -log[10-7] = 7 = pOHwater [H+] = 10-pH [OH-] = 10-pOH
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14 = pH + pOH
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Example #3
Calculate the pH of a solution with a [OH-] = 1.0 x 10-6 M
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Example #3 (cont.)
Find the concentration of [H+]
Kw [H ] [OH ]
-14 1.0 x 10 -8 [H ] 1.0 x 10 M -6 1.0 x 10
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Example #3 (cont.)
Enter the [H+] concentration into your calculator and press the log key
log(1.0 x 10-8) = -8.0
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Example #4
Calculate the pH and pOH of a solution with a [OH-] = 1.0 x 10-3 M Enter the [H+] or [OH-] concentration into your calculator and press the log key
log(1.0 x 10-3) = -3.0
Subtract the calculated pH or pOH from 14.00 to get the other value
pH = 14.00 3.0 = 11.0
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Example #5
Calculate the [OH-] of a solution with a pH of 7.41
If you want to calculate [OH-] use pOH; if you want [H+] use pH. It may be necessary to convert one to the other using 14 = [H+] + [OH-]
pOH = 14.00 7.41 = 6.59
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Example #5 (cont.)
Enter the pH or pOH concentration into your calculator Change the sign of the pH or pOH
-pOH = -(6.59)
Press the button(s) on you calculator to take the inverse log or 10x
[OH-] = 10-6.59 = 2.6 x 10-7 M
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Example #6
Calculate the pH of a 0.10 M HNO3 solution. pH means log of [H+] pH = - log [0.10] pH = - log [ 1 x 10-1] pH = 1 note the exponent!
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Example #6 (cont.)
Determine the [H+] from the acid concentration
HNO3 H+ + NO30.10 M HNO3 = 0.10 M H+
Enter the [H+] concentration into your calculator and press the log key
log(0.10) = -1.00
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Practice Problems
A HCl solution is 8.34 x 10-5 mole/liter. Estimate, then calculate the pH of the solution. What is the [OH-] of a solution whose pOH = 2.86 ? What is the [OH-] of a solution whose [H+] = 0.001M The pH of a soft drink is determined to be 4.0. What is the [OH-] of the drink?
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Practice Problems
A HCl solution is 8.34 x 10-5 mole/liter. Estimate, then calculate the pH of the solution. pH < 5 (see the exponent) pH = - log [H+] pH = - log[8.34 x 10-5] pH = 4.079 (pH < 7, acidic)
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Practice Problems
What is the [OH-] of a solution whose pOH = 2.86 ? pOH means log[OH-] -log[OH-] = 2.86 log[OH-] = - 2.86 [OH-] = 10-2.86 [OH-] = 0.0014 M since [OH-]>[H+] solution is basic
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Practice Problems
What is the [OH-] of a solution whose [H+] = 0.001M [H+][OH-] = 1 x 10-14 [0.001][OH-] = 1 x 10-14 [OH-] = 1 x 10-11 Since [OH-] < [H+] solution is acidic
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Practice Problems
The pH of a soft drink is determined to be 4.0. What is the [OH-] of the drink? pH + pOH = 14 4 + pOH = 14 pOH = 10 -log [OH] = 10 [OH-] = 10-10 since [OH-] < [H+] soda is acidic
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Practice Problems
What is the pH of a 0.001 M Mg(OH)2 solution? (Assume 100% dissociation) [OH-] = 2 * 0.001 pOH = - log [0.002] pOH = 2.699 pH + pOH = 14 pH = 14 2.699 = 11.30 (pH > 7, basic)
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Challenge Questions
What is the pOH of a 0.0025 M acetic acid solution that is only 8.5% dissociated? How much more acidic is a solution whose pH is 6.0 compared to a solution whose pH is 12.0? What is the resulting pH if equal volumes of solutions are mixed, one with a pH of 6.0 and one with a pH of 12.0?
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Challenge Questions
What is the pOH of a 0.0025 M acetic acid solution that is only 8.5% dissociated? HA H+ + A0.0025 0 0 - 2.125 x 10-4 + 2.125 x 10-4 +2.125 x 10-4
Challenge Questions
How much more acidic is a solution whose pH is 6.0 compared to a solution whose pH is 12.0? pH = 6, [H+] = 0.000001 pH = 12 [H+] = 0.000000000001
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Challenge Questions
What is the resulting pH if equal volumes of solutions are mixed, one with a pH of 6.0 and one with a pH of 12.0? pH = 6, [H+] = 0.000001 pH = 12 [H+] = 0.000000000001 (0.000001 + 0.000000000001)/2 = - log ( ) =
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Titration
Laboratory Set-up Sample Problem Determine the unknown concentration of HCl if 25.0 mL of the acid are neutralized with 50.0 mL of 0.100 M NaOH. H+ + OH- HOH
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Practice Problems
Calculate the volume of 0.300 M HCl needed to titrate 75.00 mL of 0.1500 M KOH(aq). Determine the volume of 0.100 M NaOH needed to reach the equivalence (end) point against 50.0 mL of 0.200 M HNO3.
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Buffered Solutions
Buffered solutions resist change in pH when an acid or base is added to it. Used when need to maintain a certain pH in the system
Blood
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Challenge Question
Give two components of a buffer. Identify which component will react with added acid, show using a balanced equation. Identify which component will react with added base, show using a balanced equation.
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