Sugar Homeostasis : Regulation of biological system

Blood / Sugar Regulation As described in the cell biology tutorial, the body requires volumes of glucose in order to create ATP. The amount of ATP demanded will fluctuate, and therefore the body regulates the availability of glucose to maximise its energy making potential. Two hormones are responsible for controlling the concentration of glucose in the blood. These are insulin and glucagon. The diagram illustrates the principle of negative feedback control in action involving blood/sugar levels.

 Pancreas Receptors

The receptors of the pancreas are responsible for monitoring glucose levels in the blood, since it is important in every cell for respiration. Two types of cell release two different hormones from the pancreas, insulin and glucagon. These hormones target the liver, one or the other depending on the glucose concentration In cases where glucose levels increase, less glucagon and more insulin is released by the pancreas and targets the liver In cases where glucose levels decrease, less insulin and more glucagon is released by the pancreas and targets the liver

 The Liver The liver acts as a storehouse for glycogen, the storage form of glucose. When either of the above hormones target the liver, the following occurs Insulin - Insulin is released as a result of an increase in glucose levels, and therefore promotes the conversion of glucose into glycogen, where the excess glucose can be stored for a later date in the liver Glucagon - Glucagon is released as a result of an decrease in glucose levels, and therefore promotes the conversion of glycogen into glucose, where the lack glucose can be compensated for by the new supply of glucose brought about from glycogen

Diabetes

Diabetes insipidus is a condition where excess urine is excreted caused by the sufferers inability to produce ADH and promote the retention of water. Diabetes Mellitus is another form of diabetes where the sufferer does not have the ability to produce sufficient insulin, meaning that glucose cannot be converted into glycogen. Anyone who has this condition usually has to take injections of insulin after meals and snacks to maintain their storage of glucose needed in emergencies.

Body Temperature regulation

 Humans keep their internal temperature almost constant by maintaining a balance between heat gain and heat loss. The negative feedback loop which controls temperature centers on the hypotalamus which constantly monitors the temperature of the blood thats flows through it. On detecting a chance in the temperature by thermoreceptors in the skin, and the responds by sending out nerve impulses to various part of the body, causing a decrease or increase in heat producing or heat-losing activities.

Temperature Regulation in Animals - Regulation of Biological Systems

 Control of Temperature in Homeotherms Animals capable of temperature regulation within a given range are deemed homeotherms (alternatively homiotherms or homotherms). They have the ability to regulate temperature via negative feedback control. Temperature is controlled in a variety of ways in these animals. The hypothalamus once again acts as a receptor in regulation, by detecting fluctuations in temperature. These receptors are better known as thermoreceptors. Skin also possesses thermoreceptors which can detect the temperature of the external environment. This information is relayed to the hypothalamus which can in turn transmit nerve pulses for corrective mechanisms to occur

 Corrective Mechanisms in Temperature Control

 Increased sweating is a corrective response aimed to reduce the temperature of the organism.
The hairs on your body also play an important role in temperature regulation. A corrective response can occur where the hairs 'stand on end', and trap a layer of air between the hair and the skin. This insulation of warmer air next to the skin reduces heat lost, while a thin layer of insulation would increase heat loss. Other corrective mechanisms are involved, such as a drop in metabolic rate and shivering when temperatures drop. The previous 4 pages have described the importance for regulation and equilibrium internal to organisms. The next pages look at factors affecting populations as a whole by looking at how populations are affected

 Vasodilation is a corrective response where the blood vessels close to the skin surface become more dilated, meaning their is a larger surface area for heat to be lost of the external environment from the blood vessel carrying over-heated blood. Vasoconstriction is the opposite of this and occurs when temperatures in an organism drop. The blood vessels become constricted so that minimal heat loss occurs.

Thermoregulatory centre in the hypothalamus

In the hypothalamus detect blood temperature
In the skin detect external temperature

Itu sha..

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