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3. Perceptual Speed: Ability to identify visual similarities and differences quickly and accurately.
4. Inductive Reasoning: Ability to identify a logical sequence in a problem and then solve the problem.
Multiple Intelligence
Cognitive
Social
Multiple intelligence
cultural
Emotional
Physical Ability
The capacity to do tasks demanding stamina, dexterity (swiftness or precision), strength, and similar characteristics.
Flexibility Factors
Extent flexibility Dynamic flexibility
Other Factors
Body coordination Balance Stamina
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Employees Abilities
Ability-Job Fit
Biographical Characteristics
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Theories of learning
Classical Conditioning
A type of conditioning in which and individual responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such a response.
Stimulus Response
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Things that make us happy, sad, angry, etc. become associated with neutral stimuli that gain our attention.
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Operant conditioning
A type of condition in which desired voluntary behavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment. This theory argues that behavior is a function of its consequences. Operant behavior means voluntary or learned behavior in contrast to reflexive or unlearned behavior.
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Consequences of behavior
Reinforcement
Punishment
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Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Positive punishment
Decreases behavior by presenting an aversive stimulus after a response Decreases behavior by removing a pleasant stimulus after a response
Negative punishment
Reinforcement Punishment
Positive
Chocolate Bar Electric Shock
Negative
No TV privileges
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Types of Reinforcement
Event is Added
Event is Removed
(best to use)
Pleasant Event
Unpleasant Event
Positive reinforcement
(increases behavior)
Extinction
(decreases behavior)
Punishment
(decreases behavior)
Negative reinforcement
(increases behavior)
(worst to use)
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SOCIAL/INTERPERSONAL REWARDS Praise Developmental feedback Smiles, pats on the back, and other nonverbal signals Requests for suggestions Invitations to coffee or lunch
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The view that people can learn through observation and direct experience. Four processes have been found to determine the influence that model will have on an individual.
1. 2.
3.
4.
Shaping Behavior
Systematically reinforcing each successive step that moves an individual closer to the desired response.
Key Concepts
Reinforcement is required to change behavior. Some rewards are more effective than others. The timing of reinforcement affects learning speed and permanence.
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Schedules of Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement A desired behavior is reinforced each time it is demonstrated.
Intermittent Reinforcement
A desired behavior is reinforced often enough to make the behavior worth repeating but not every time it is demonstrated.
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Variable-Interval Schedule Rewards are initiated after a fixed or constant number of responses.
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Fixed-ratio
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Behavior Modification
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Should be observable, objective, and countable Provides a baseline of current performance Identify behavioral consequences Taken directly from operant conditioning principles
Well Pay Reduce absenteeism by rewarding attendance. Employee Discipline The use of punishment can be counter-productive. Developing Training Programs Improve training effectiveness. Self-management Reduces the need for external management control.
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