RC Slab Design master class

Ian Feltham, Arup

Interpretation of 2D FE analysis results

Linear elastic material do not reflect the cracked nature of concrete FE analysis gives stresses in equilibrium with applied loads Structure will have sufficient strength if appropriate reinforcement is provided for FE stresses If slab loaded by out-of-plane loads, it is unsafe simply to provide reinforcement for Mx and My - twisting moment Mxy must also be considered For simple orthogonal arrangements, you can design for Wood-Armer |Mx|+|Mxy| and |My|+|Myx| moments RC Slab undertakes strength design for reinforcement in any direction, not necessarily orthogonal RC Slab will also design for in-plane loads, either in their own, or in combination with out-of-plane loads Easier to consider in-plane loads first

Reinforcing for in-plane forces

To determine fx and fy:

Resolve horizontally s/tan.(px+fx) = s.pv fx = pv .tan - px Resolve vertically s.(py+fy) = s/tan.pv

py pv pv s/tan px

fy

fx pv pv

fy = pv /tan - py px

py s fx px and , py f and pv stresses are applied taken in-plane by reinforcement stresses y are

Reinforcing for in-plane forces

s/tan py pv pv s px fy fx fc pv py

To determine fx and fy:

Resolve horizontally s/tan.(px+fx) = s.pv fx = pv .tan - px Resolve vertically s.(py+fy) = s/tan.pv fy = pv /tan - py px

pv

To determine fc: Resolve horizontally s.(px+fx) + s/tan.pv = (s/sin.fc).sin

fc = px+fx + pv/tan
= pv .tan + pv/tan fc = 2pv/sin2

fc is the stress in the concrete

Reinforcing for in-plane forces - effect of varying

20.0 20.0

px = 0
10.0

px = 5
10.0

fx fy fc fs

py = 0 pv = 5

py = 0 pv = 5

stress (MPa)

0.0 15 30 45 60 75

0.0 15 30 45 60 75

fs = fx+ fy Simple approach

20.0

20.0

px = 0
10.0

px = 5
10.0

py = -5 pv = 5

Provided concrete py = -5 stress satisfactory pv = 5 General approach

0.0 15 30 45 60 75

0.0 15 30 45 60 75

(degrees)

Consider tensile stresses in concrete between cracks

tensile strength of concrete will vary along bar

when the tensile stress reaches the local strength, a new crack will form

stress in reinforcement

tensile strength of concrete stress in concrete

Bi-axial strength of concrete

y (compression)

fck
compressive strength of concrete with transverse tension

fctk

fck x (compression)

tensile stress in concrete

fctk

Reinforcing for in-plane forces - simple approach using Mohrs circles

shear stress principal tensile stress stress taken by X reinforcement X (px,pv) X compressive strength of concrete fcd uncracked fcd cracked compressive stress

Y (py,-pv) applied stress

Y stress in concrete stress taken by Y reinforcement

Note that the stress taken by both the X and Y reinforcement is equal to the principal tensile strength

Reinforcing for in-plane forces - general approach using Mohrs circles

shear stress principal tensile stress stress taken by X reinforcement X (px,pv) X (pv,pv) compressive f uncracked strength of cd fcd cracked concrete

compressive stress

Y (py,-pv)

Y (pv,-pv)

stress in concrete stress taken by Y reinforcement applied stress Note that the stress taken by the X reinforcement is equal to (pv- px) and that taken by the Y reinforcement is equal to (pv- py)

Reinforcing for in-plane forces - general approach formulae

equivalent, but more complex, formulae for skew reinforcement

Compression reinforcement in struts

shear strain/2 strain in vertical steel -0.0022 Principal tensile strain is approximately 3.6 x design strain of reinforcement vertical steel strain at 20 to strut 0.0022

40

compressive strain

20 strain in horizontal steel -0.0022

principal compressive strain 0.0035

horizontal steel

Although compression reinforcement should be avoided, any provided should be within 15 of centre line of strut to ensure strain compatibility

Reinforcing for in- and out-of -plane forces

Applied forces and moments resolved into in-plane forces in sandwich layers

Layers are not generally of equal thickness Nx Ny V V Reinforcement requirements for each layer calculated and apportioned to reinforcement positions (considering in- and out-of-plane strain
compatibility)

Mx

My Mxy

Mxy

Number and thickness of layers adjusted to determine arrangement that gives best reinforcement arrangement

RC Slab future developments

Introduction of faster algorithms for pure in-plane and out-of-plane conditions, which should greatly increase speed Introduction of bands over which reinforcement areas can be averaged

Interaction between GSA and AdSec to estimate deflections in slabs