Introduction to Chemistry

by: Mark Anthony N. Lising, RN, CRN, MAN

WHAT IS CHEMISTRY?

WHAT IS CHEMISTRY?

Chemistry is the study of matter and the transformations it undergoes. What is matter?
Anything that has mass and takes up space.

HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY
Pre-historic time (Homo erectus) how to light a fire Sumerian, Babylonian, eEyptian and Greek cultures

Dyes medicine perfumes, metals

HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY

Ancient History
Early Metallurgy
Gold (free or native) Paleolithic Period (40000BC) Silver, copper, tin, meteoric iron (Egyptian weapons 3000BC Daggers from Heaven) No understanding principles Discovery of glass and purification of metals (2900 BC)

Bronze Age
Smelting

HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY

Bronze Age
Thales of Miletus and Aristotle Speculated the composition of matter ALCHEMY an arabic word alkimia al definite article and kimia chyma which means to fuse or cast a metal or from chem the dark land Alchemy the elixir of fire

HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY
5th to 6th Millenium BC Alloy Bronze (Copper and Tin)
Armors and weapons

Iron Age
1200 BC Ferrous metallurgy

Earth, water, air, fire are the primary elements

Early Greeks
Democritus all matter is made of small, indivisible particles called atomos Aristotle matter is continuous and NOT made of smaller particles

Defined simple body as one into which other bodies can be decomposed and which itself is not capable of being divided.

Robert
1st

Boyle

(1600s)

true chemist Discovered a relationship between pressure and volume (Boyles Law)

Antoine
Matter

Lavoisier

cannot be created or destroyed Law of Conservation of Mass

Joseph

Proust

Found that a given compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass (law of constant composition) Law of Definite Proportions

John

Dalton

(1800s)

The ratios of the masses of elements in a compound can always be reduced to small whole numbers Law of Multiple Proportions
Basis of Stoichiometry

1) All matter is composed of tiny particles called atoms. 2) The atoms of an element are always identical while the atoms of different elements are different. 3) Compounds form when atoms combine; atoms combine in small whole number ratios. 4) Reactions involve reorganization of atoms; the atoms themselves do not change.

Daltons Atomic Theory

Joseph

Gay-Lussac

(1809)

Measured the volumes of gases that reacted with one to another Law of Combining Volumes of Gases

Amadeo

Avogadro

Avogadros hypothesis

Experimental gas law relating volume of a gas to the amount of substance of gas present

J.J.
Protons

Thomson

were found to be 1836 X the mass of an electron Charge of proton is +1

Robert
Determined

Millikan

the magnitude of the electrons charge Which is now known as -1

James

Chadwick

Discovered high energy particles with no charge and the same mass as the proton the neutron

Henri

Becquerel

Accidentally

discovered radioactivity Alpha particles (+2 charge) (Also beta particles, gamma rays)

Robert
Found

Bunsen

that when heated, different elements produced different colors in a flame

Niels
Electrons

Bohr (1912)

orbit the nucleus somewhat like planets orbit the sun Planetary Model

Arnold

Sommerfeld

Expanded the Bohr model Electrons travel in orbitals, but the orbitals are not the same shape This leads to the electron cloud model of the atom

Electron Cloud Model

Note: Just as no map can equal a territory, no concept of an atom can possibly equal its nature. These models of the atom simply served as a way of thinking about them, though they contained limitations (all models do).

Modern View of the Atom

Tiny

nucleus surrounded by electron cloud Nucleus accounts for all of the mass Arrangement of electrons causes different chemical properties

Wolfgang

Pauli

(1924)

Predicted that electrons spin while orbiting the nucleus Paulis Exclusion Principle says no two electrons do the exact same thing at the same time

de Broglie and Schrdinger

Propose

that electrons move like wave Wave-Mechanical Model

Rachel Carson
American marine biologist Invited worldwide attention to the dangers of indiscriminate use of pesticides through her book, Silent Spring

Henrik Carl Peter Dam

Danish Biochemist Together with Edward Doisy, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for their work on Vitamin K

Frederick Hopskin
British

biochemist Essential nutrients factors, known as vitamins

Linus Carl Pauling

Greatest American chemist of the 20th century Awarded Nobel Prize Nature of chemical bound and its application in elucidating the structures of complex substances

Valentina Tereshkova
Soviet

cosmonaut 1st woman to fly in space

Dorothy Mary Hodgkin

Determined the structure of biochemical compounds essential in combating pernicious anemia

Gulina Tesora
Experts

in the science and technology of polymers

Marguerite Catherine Perey

French

physicist Discovered Francium

SOME FILIPINO SCIENTIST

Julian A Banzon

Filipino biophysical chemist

Pioneered study of fuels from coconut and sugarcane

Filomena Campos
Filipino

cytogeneticist Cotton research in the Philippines

Manuel M. Dayrit
Filipino doctor and epidemiologist Public health services, involvement in research activities about epidemics, communicable diseases and community health care

Fe Del Mundo
Filipino

pediatrician

Incubator

and jaundice-relieving device

Beatrice Guevarra
Studied

alkaloidbearing plants in the Philippine rainforest

Evelyn Mae T. Mendoza

Plant biochemistry that affect the nutritional quality and acceptability of important plants like mungo bean, cow pea and other root crops

Victoria Masilungan
Filipino

Pharmaceutical chemist Medical Plant research

Alfredo C. Santos
Filipino physical chemist Researches in chemistry of natural products, particularly in alkaloids isolated from Philippine medicinal plants

IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY

Chemistry is all around you.

Air you breathe Food you digest Clothes you wear Textbook you read

Chemistry is often said to be the central science.

SCIENCE V.S. TECHNOLOGY

How is science different from technology? Science:

Experimental investigation and exploration of natural phenomena Pursues knowledge for its own sake Does not cause change in itself

Technology
The practical application of scientific knowledge Leads to change (for better or for worse)

SCIENCE V.S. TECHNOLOGY (Cont)

Examples of science:
What causes the flu? How are atoms put together? How is genetic information stored and transmitted?

Examples of technology
Flu vaccine Atomic bomb Genetic engineering

IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY

Medicine & Pharmaceuticals

Drugs
Antipyretics Analgesics Antibiotics Antibacterial Anti-cancer

Food
Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids Vitamins Mineral Organic substances
esters

Laborious experiments

IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY

Food
Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids Vitamins Mineral Organic substances
Esters
methyl salicilate ethyl butyrate

isoamyl acetate isobutyl formate n-octyl acetate

Phytochemicals Neutraceutical = a food or part of a food and provides medical or health benefits, including treatment and prevention of a disease

IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY
Beer (3 6% alcohol) Wine (14% alcohol) Liqours wines and beers Brandy wine and whiskey Distilled beverages or spirits (40 55% ethyl alcohol)

Biotechnology
Use of microorganism and biological process to provide food, chemicals and services Agriculture, horticulture, applied techonology

IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY
Microorganism
Conversion of raw materials (fermented fruits, vegetables) More stable products (milk) Pre-digest food (much nutritious e.g. fermented products from soybeans) Spoilage (defects in finished products) Food poisoning & diseases

Agriculture (Organic Farming)

Pesticides and fertilizers 40% fewer nutrients; 97% fewer pesticides; 56% less energy

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Step 1: Make observations

Example: I am sick with a stomachache.

Step 2: Develop a hypothesis

Example: I am sick due to the spoiled food I ate for lunch.

Step 3: Test hypothesis through experiments

Example: Ask others who ate the same food for lunch if they got sick.

SCIENTIFIC METHOD (Cont)

Step 4: Develop a law

Law: Summarizes the outcome of several experiments that occur repeatedly and consistently. Example: The spoiled food served at lunch makes people sick with a stomachache.

Step 5: Develop a theory

Theory: Explanation for a why a law exists. Example: It is the bacteria in the spoiled food that makes people ill.

SCIENTIFIC METHOD (Cont)

Theories
Are never completely certain May change as more experiments are performed. A model is a physical picture or mathematical expression of a theory.
Example: Model of the atom

The scientific method must be free of bias.

SCIENTIFIC ATTITUTEDS
Curiosity always try to seek, inquire and discover. Determination be persistent in your endeavors. Be form and confident. Open mindedness open yourself to new ideas. Do not be one sided. Acceptance of failure consider as a step toward success because it gives you additional scientific information on what to avoid.

SCIENTIFIC ATTITUTEDS

Objectivity do not be influenced by anything but pertinent physical observations. Humility you should not be arrogant. Skepticism do not accept things blindly without questioning. Develop the doubting attitude unless presented with reliable data. Patience wait calmly for the result of the investigation since most scientific studies take time.