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First Generation
First Generation
First Generation
Used the 900MHz frequency range Germany adopted C-net France adopted Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT)
Europe
First Generation
Operates
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) Covered in next slide Operates in the 900MHz frequency range Three parts to the communications
PCS 1G to 2G technology
FDMA
Breaks up the available frequency into 30 KHz channels Allocates a single channel to each phone call The channel is agreed with the Base station before transmission takes place on agreed and reserved channel The device can then transmit on this channel
No other device can share this channel even if the person is not talking at the time! A different channel is required to receive
The voice/sound is transmitted as analogue data, which means that a large than required channel has to be allocated.
PCS 1G to 2G technology
FDMA
Frequency
PCS 1G to 2G technology
FDMA
Consider your radio in the house As you want different information you change the frequency which you are receiving
PCS 1G to 2G technology
Voice calls
Are transferred using Frequency modulation The rate at which the carrier wave undulates is changed
(www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0030280.html, 2004)
PCS 1G to 2G technology
1G infrastructure
PSTN
First Generation
Infrastructure
Base Station
Carries out the actual radio communications with the device Sends out paging and control signals Takes responsibility
MSC
Controls all calls attached to this device Maintains billing information Switches calls (Handover)
First Generation
Cellular Architecture
Allows the area to be broken into smaller cells The mobile device then connects to the closest cell
Cell Cell Cell Cell Cell Cell Cell Cell Cell Cell Cell Cell Cell Cell Cell Cell
First Generation
Cellular architecture requires the available frequency to be distributed between the cells If 2 cells next to each other used the same frequency each would interfere with each other
Cell
Cell
Frequency 900
First Generation
There must be a distance between adjoining cells This distance allows communications to take place
Cell
Frequency 900
Cell
Cell Cell Cell Cell
Frequency 920
Cell
Cell
Frequency 940
Frequency 960
First Generation
This is referred to as the Minimum Frequency Reuse Factor This requires proper planning and can be an issue for all radio based wireless communications Planning the radio cell and how far a signal may go
Cell
First Generation
Radio Planning
Logically we picture a cell as being a Octagon In reality the shape of a transmission will change depending on the environment In this diagram of a cell you can see this
The building are the rectangles in dark green The darker the shade of green the stronger the signal Cell
Cell Cell Cell
Cell
First Generation
Radio Planning
Planning needs careful thought You must cover the entire area with the minimum of base stations Base stations cost the company money They also make the potential for radio problems greater Simulations can be used but accurate models of the area is required Best solution is to measure the signals at various points
First Generation
Cells with different frequencies allow devices to move between these cells
First Generation
Cellular infrastructure
Once you get to the edge of a cell you will need a handover
After a certain distance the amount of data which is sent in error becomes greater than the data sent correctly at this point you need to connect to a new cell which is closer. TACS carries this out by monitoring the amplitude of the voice signal
First Generation
Cellular infrastructure
BS1
BS2
First Generation
Cellular infrastructure
BS1
BS2
First Generation
Cellular infrastructure
BS1
BS2
First Generation
Handover
All BS in the area of the current location are informed to start paging the device The BS with the strongest signal is then handed over to The call can continue In reality a lot of calls were dropped whilst waiting for a handover to take place
Ending a call
First Generation
TACS
All of Europe was using different standards Different frequencies Different frequency spacing Different encoding technologies Calls were easily listened upon Limited capacity of the available spectrum Analogue signal meant a larger than required amount of the frequency had to be allocated to each call Expansion of the network was difficult GSM was introduced Next weeks lecture!
Security
First Generation
Summary
1G systems
TACS