Prepared by:

Joselito DL. Torculas, EcE

PHYSIC
S
is a branch of science which deals with the study of
matter, energy, force and motion and the way they
relate to each other.
is an experimental science wherein we observe
the phenomena and nature and try to find patterns
and principles that relate these phenomena.

MEASUREMENT
is the process of determining the amount, quantity,
degree or capacity by comparison with an accepted
standard.

PRECISION is a measure of the consistency or
repeatability of measurements.

ACCURACY is the degree of exactness of a
measurement compared to the expected value, or
the most probable value of the variable being
measured.
THE TWO SYSTEM OF
MEASUREMENTS
1. ENGLISH SYSTEM
also called the BRITISH SYSTEM.
used only in the United States and some African
countries.
the system of unit used is the FPS or the foot-
pound-second.

2. METRIC SYSTEM
established in 1791 by the French Academy of
Sciences.
in 1960, it has been known officially as the
International System or SI (the abbreviation for
its French name, Systme International).
is used by most of the rest of the industrialized
countries.
two system of units are known: the MKS (meter-
kilogram-second) and the CGS (centimeter-
gram-second).

THE TWO SYSTEM OF
MEASUREMENTS
THE SEVEN FUNDAMENTAL
SI UNITS OF
MEASUREMENTS
1. METER (m)
the unit of length.
in 1960, a meter is measured using the
wavelength of the orange-red light emitted by
atoms of krypton in a glow discharge tube.
but in November 1983, the length standard was
changed again: a meter is the distance that
light travels in a vacuum in 1/299792458
second.

2. KILOGRAM (kg)
the unit of mass.
is defined to be the mass of a particular
cylindrical slab of platinum-iridium alloy.
this cylinder is kept at constant temperature and
humidity in a dustless vault in Sevres near Paris,
France.

THE SEVEN FUNDAMENTAL
SI UNITS OF
MEASUREMENTS
3. SECOND (s)
the unit of time.
from 1889 until 1967, it was defined as a certain
fraction of the mean solar day, the average time
between successive arrivals of the sun at its highest
point in the sky.
from 1967 up to present, a second is based on an
atomic clock, which uses the energy difference between
the two lowest energy states of the cesium-133
atom.
when bombarded by microwaves of precisely the
proper frequency, cesium atoms undergo a transition
from one of these states to the other.
a second is defined as the time required
for 9192631770 cycles of this radiation.

THE SEVEN FUNDAMENTAL
SI UNITS OF
MEASUREMENTS
4. KELVIN (K)
the unit of temperature.
named after William Thomson, commonly
known as Lord Kelvin, the 1
st
baron of Kelvin.
the standard is based on the point at which solid,
liquid and gaseous water coexist simultaneously
(the triple point which has an assigned value of
273.16 K)
THE SEVEN FUNDAMENTAL
SI UNITS OF
MEASUREMENTS
5. AMPERE (A)
the unit of electric current.
named in honor of the French scientist Andr
Marie Ampere (1775-1836).
the standard is based on the mutual force
experienced by parallel current-carrying
wires.

THE SEVEN FUNDAMENTAL
SI UNITS OF
MEASUREMENTS
6. CANDELA (cd)
the unit of luminous intensity.
the standard is based on the amount of radiation
emitted by a certain object, known as a
blackbody radiator, at 2046 K (the melting point
of platinum).
THE SEVEN FUNDAMENTAL
SI UNITS OF
MEASUREMENTS
7. MOLE (mol)
the unit for number of particles.
the standard is based on the number of atoms
contained in a 0.012 kilogram of carbon-12
isotope.
THE SEVEN FUNDAMENTAL
SI UNITS OF
MEASUREMENTS
SI PREFIXES FOR POWERS OF
10

POWER OF TEN PREFIX POWER OF TEN PREFIX
10
-24
yocto- 10
24
yotta-
10
-21
zepto- 10
21
zetta-
10
-18
atto- 10
18
exa-
10
-15
femto- 10
15
peta-
10
-12
pico- 10
12
tera-
10
-9
nano- 10
9
giga-
10
-6
micro- 10
6
mega-
10
-3
milli- 10
3
kilo-
10
-2
centi- 10
2
hecto-
10
-1
deci- 10
1
deka-
1. One newton is equivalent to?

a. 1 kg-m c. 1 kg-m/s
2

b. 1 kg-m/s d. 1 m/s
2


CONVERSION FACTORS:

1 lb
f
= 4.45 N ; 1 dyne = 10
-5
N

2. A weight of 1 x 10
-15
gram is also equivalent to

a. 1 femtogram c. 1 picogram
b. 1 attogram d. 1 yoctogram

3. Which of the following is equivalent to the unit
lux?

a. lumen/m
2
c. lux/steradian
b. footcandle/steradian d. lumen/steradian
4. What refers to the mass which is accelerated at
the rate of one foot per second per second when
acted on by a force of one pound?

a. 1 slug c. 1 dyne
b. 1 erg d. 1 BTU

5. The size of the largest atom is in the order of

a. centimeter c. nanometer
b. millimeter d. micrometer


size of some bacteria and living cells is in the order of
MICROMETERS
diameter of the point of a ballpen is in the order of MILLIMETERS
diameter of our little finger is in the order of CENTIMETERS

VECTOR AND SCALAR QUANTITIES
SCALAR QUANTITY
is a physical quantity which has magnitude only.
examples are volume, temperature, height, mass,
age, speed, distance, etc

VECTOR QUANTITY
is a physical quantity which has both magnitude
and direction.
examples are force, velocity, displacement,
momentum, weight, acceleration, etc
VECTOR IN A PLANE:
where:


a. Magnitude:


b. Angle with the horizontal (direction):

j A i A A
y x
+ =
u
u
sin
cos
A A
A A
y
x
=
=
2 2
y x
A A A + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

x
y
A
A
1
tan u
VECTOR IN SPACE:
Magnitude:
k A j A i A A
z y x
+ + =
2 2 2
z y x
A A A A + + =
OPERATION ON VECTORS
If you are given two vectors in space:



We can perform these operations:
1. ADDITION


2. SUBTRACTION

k A j A i A A
z y x
+ + =
k B j B i B B
z y x
+ + =
( ) ( ) ( )k B A j B A i B A B A
z z y y x x
+ + + + + = +
( ) ( ) ( )k B A j B A i B A B A
z z y y x x
+ + =
3. MULTIPLICATION

a. DOT PRODUCT (SCALAR PRODUCT)



b. CROSS PRODUCT (VECTOR PRODUCT)
OPERATION ON VECTORS
u cos B A B A B A B A B A
z z y y x x
= + + =
z y x
z y x
B B B
A A A
k j i
B A =
RESULTANT OF TWO OR MORE
VECTORS
Magnitude:



Direction (for plane vectors only)

+ + = k F j F i F R
z y x
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2

+ + =
z y x
F F F R
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

x
y
F
F
1
tan u
6. It is simply a vector whose magnitude is 1.

a. moment vector c. unit vector
b. tensor d. vector unity

k A j A i A A
z y x
+ + =
2 2 2
z y x
z y x
A A A
k A j A i A
a
+ +
+ +
=
7. A system of forces is _______ if the lines of action of
the forces does not intersect anywhere.

a. parallel c. concurrent
b. coplanar d. two-dimensional

CONCURRENT the lines of action of the forces intersect at a point

COPLANAR the lines of action of the forces lie in a plane.

8. Determine the magnitude of the resultant of the
following forces: A = 600 N @ 40
o
, B = 800 N @ 160
0

and C = 200 N @ 300
o
.

a. 532.78 N c. 522.68 N
b. 435.94 N d. 627.89 N

+ = j F i F R
y x
( ) ( )
2 2

+ =
y x
F F R
9. A rope is stretched between two rigid poles 40 ft apart.
A load of 100 lbs was placed at the midpoint of the rope
that caused it to sag 5 ft. What is the approximate
tension in the rope in lbs?

a. 190 c. 206
b. 180 d. 215


0 ; 0 = =
y x
F F
First Condition for Equilibrium:
10. Two perpendicular vectors are given in terms of
their components by U = U
x
i 4j + 6k and V = 3i + 2j
3k. Determine the component U
x
.

a. 5.67 c. 7.67
b. 6.67 d. 8.67

u cos B A B A B A B A B A
z z y y x x
= + + =
DOT PRODUCT (SCALAR PRODUCT)
WORK, ENERGY and POWER
WORK is defined as the product of the force and
displacement in the direction of the force.


where:
F : force
d : displacement
: angle between the force and displacement

) 0 ( ; cos

= = = u u if Fd W Fd W
ENERGY is the capability to do work.

a. POTENTIAL ENERGY is the energy possessed by an
object by virtue of its position or configuration.


b. KINETIC ENERGY is the energy possessed by an
object by virtue of its motion.


WORK, ENERGY and POWER
2
81 . 9 ; . .
s
m
g mgh wh E P = = =
2
2
1
. . mv E K =
POWER is the time rate of doing work.



Units conversions for Power:



WORK, ENERGY and POWER
Fv
t
Fd
t
W
P = = =
ergs
s
J
W
7
10 1 1 = =
sec
550 746 1
lb ft
W hp

= =
11. Who coined the term energy in 1807?

a. William Thomson c. Lord Kelvin
b. Thomas Young d. Ydnar Odalla

12. The sum of potential and kinetic energies present in
a system is called what?

a. kinetic energy c. rest energy
b. potential energy d. mechanical energy

POTENTIAL ENERGY is the energy possessed by an object by virtue of
its position or configuration.
KINETIC ENERGY is the energy possessed by an object by virtue of its
motion.
REST ENERGY the energy something possesses by virtue of its mass.
13. A force of 200 lb
f
acts on a block at an angle of 28
o

with respect to horizontal. The block is pushed 2
feet horizontally. What is the work done by this
force?

a. 320 J c. 476 J
b. 540 J d. 215 J

u cos Fd W =
14. At her highest point, a girl on the swing is 7 feet
above the ground, and at her lowest point, she is
3 feet above the ground. What is her maximum
velocity?

a. 10 fps c. 14 fps
b. 12 fps d. 16 fps


. . . . E K E P =
2
2
1
mv mgh=
15. A 0.25 hp motor is used to lift a load at the rate of 5
cm/s. How great a load can it lift at this constant
speed?

a. 381 kg c. 421 kg
b. 350 kg d. 400 kg
Fv
t
Fd
t
W
P = = =
WAVE
is a vibratory disturbance that moves through a
medium.
they are produced in all forms of matter even in
empty space where ordinary matter does not
exist.

TYPES OF WAVES
1. TRANSVERSE WAVE
a wave in which the vibration direction is
perpendicular to the direction of the wave
propagation.
examples are water waves, waves in strings under
tension, electromagnetic waves (light and radio
waves).
in a transverse wave, the maximum upward
displacement is known as CREST and the maximum
downward displacement is known as TROUGH.

2. LONGITUDINAL WAVE
a wave in which the vibration direction is parallel to
the direction of propagation.
examples are sound waves, waves in rods and in
vibrating helical spring.
in a longitudinal wave, the area of maximum
compression is called CONDENSATION while the
area of maximum separation is called
RAREFACTION.

TYPES OF WAVES
WAVE EQUATIONS:
1. WAVE VELOCITY the distance through which
each wave moves per second.



a. Velocity of a Transverse Waves
on a stretched string:


b. Velocity of Longitudinal Waves
in solids and liquids:


c. Velocity of Longitudinal Waves
in gases:




f
t
v

= =
linear
F
m
Fl
v

= =

E
v =
MW
kRT
v =
2. FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY OF A STRETCHED
STRING
For the nth harmonic:
linear
F
l m
Fl
l l
v
f
2
1
2
1
2
1
= = =
1
f n f
n
=
3. LAWS OF VIBRATING STRING
a. Law of Lengths
the frequency of a vibrating string is inversely
proportional to its length.


b. Law of Diameters
the frequency of a vibrating string is inversely
proportional to its diameter.




2 2 1 1
l f l f =
2 2 1 1
d f d f =
c. Law of Tensions
the frequency of a vibrating string is directly
proportional to the square root of the tension.



d. Law of Densities
the frequency of a vibrating string is inversely
proportional to the square root of its density.
3. LAWS OF VIBRATING STRING
2
1
2
1
F
F
f
f
=
1
2
2
1

=
f
f
16. What refers to the scattering of a wave behind an
obstruction?

a. dispersion c. refraction
b. reflection d. diffraction

DISPERSION occurs when a beam containing more than one
frequency is split into corresponding number of different beams when
refracted.
REFLECTION is a phenomenon of wave motion in which a wave is
returned after impinging on a surface.
REFRACTION is the bending of light rays as they pass obliquely from
one medium to another medium of different optical densities.
17. A wave that needs a material medium through
which it can travel as it transfers energy is called

a. radiowave c. microwave
b. mechanical wave d. EM wave

18. A piano string with length of 1.17 m and a mass of
21.0 g is under tension of 6.4 x 10
3
N. What is the
fundamental frequency?

a. 225 Hz c. 255 Hz
b. 187 Hz d. 290 Hz

FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY OF A STRETCHED STRING/WIRE:

linear
F
l m
Fl
l
f
2
1
2
1
1
= =
19. What is the speed of sound in neon gas at
temperature of 18
o
C considering that the molecular
mass of this gas is 20.18 g/mol? Neon is monoatomic,
use c
p
/c
v
= 1.67.

a. 321.7 m/s c. 447.5 m/s
b. 478.6 m/s d. 543.7 m/s

VELOCITY OF LONGITUDINAL WAVES IN GASES:

MW
kRT
v =
20. A string of length 4 meters was initially vibrated at
its fundamental frequency, which is 60 Hz. What
will be the new length of this string (other factors
considered to be the same) at its 8
th
harmonic?

a. 0.5 m c. 0.75 m
b. 0.67 m d. 1 m

LAW OF LENGTHS:


2 2 1 1
L f L f =
SOUND
is a disturbance or vibration whose energy must be
communicated into a medium.
is an example of a longitudinal wave.
definition is completed by these three very important
things: (1) there must be a vibrating body (2) there
must be a medium to transmit the vibration and (3)
there must be a receiver to detect the sound.
Nature of Sound Waves
1. INFRASONIC WAVES sound with frequencies
below 20 Hz.

2. SONIC WAVES sound with frequencies from
20 Hz to 20 kHz.

3. ULTRASONIC WAVES sound with frequencies
above 20 kHz.

Characteristics of Sound
1. PITCH
is the highness or lowness of a note or tone.
is the property of sound which depends on the
frequency of the waves received by the ear.
subjected unit is MEL (as proposed by Stevens,
Volkmann and Newman in 1937).

2. LOUDNESS
is an observers auditory impression of the
strength of the sound and is associated with the
rate at which energy is transmitted to the ear.
it depends on the amplitude of the vibration of
sound.
subjected unit is SONE (as proposed by Stanley
Smith Stevens in 1936)

Characteristics of Sound
3. INTENSITY
refers to the power carried by the sound through a
unit area erected perpendicular to the direction of
propagation of the wave.
it depends on many factors: amplitude and area of
the vibrating body, distance of the source of sound
from the receiver and density of the medium
through which sound is transmitted.
unit is in W/m
2
.

Characteristics of Sound
4. TIMBRE
the quality of sound related to harmonic
structure.
the characteristic of sound which enables us to
distinguish between two sound produced by two
different person or two different musical
instrument.
Characteristics of Sound
Formulas in Relation to Sound
a. MACH NUMBER (M)
provided by the Austrian physicist Ernst Mach.
it is the ratio between the speed of an object
moving through air and another substance.


We have 5 categories:
1. SUBSONIC : M < 1
2. SONIC : M = 1
3. TRANSONIC : 0.8 < M < 1.2
4. SUPERSONIC : 1.2 < M <5
5. HYPERSONIC : M > 5


sound
object
ce subs
air
v
v
v
v
M = =
tan
b. SOUND INTENSITY LEVEL (I
dB
)



where:
I
0
: threshold of hearing (1 x 10
-12
W/m
2
)



Formulas in Relation to Sound
0
log 10
I
I
I
dB
=
c. SPEED OF SOUND (v)

i. in AIR



Speed of sound v
1
and v
2
at absolute
temperatures T
1
and T
2
:

ii. in IDEAL GAS:


iii. in other materials:

Formulas in Relation to Sound

>
s +
=
C T
T
C T T
v
C
K
C C

20 ;
273
45 . 331
20 ; 607 . 0 45 . 331
2
1
2
1
T
T
v
v
=
MW
kRT
v =

E
v =
d. DOPPLER EFFECT
proposed by Austrian physicist Christian Johann Doppler in
1842.
is the apparent rise and fall in pitch of the sound of a sounding
body as the sounding body or observer approaches/leaves the
observer or sounding body.

Formulas in Relation to Sound

|
|
.
|

\
|
+

|
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
receding if
v v
v v
f
g approachin if
v v
v v
f
f
s
o
s
s
o
s
;
;
'
21. When a person tells you that the pitch of your
voice is high, he is referring to

a. the intensity of your voice
b. the number of sound waves you are sending
out per second
c. the loudness of your voice
d. the quality of your voice

22. What refers to a shell of high pressure produced by
the motion of an object whose speed exceeds that of
sound?

a. shock wave c. sonic boom
b. beats d. echo

SONIC BOOM - the loud sound resulting from the incidence of a shock
wave.
BEATS - the alternation of maximum and minimum sound intensity
produced by superposition of two sound waves of slightly different
frequencies.
ECHO - reflection of sound.

23. What part of the human ear where sound energy is
converted into electrical energy?

a. ear drum c. tympanum
b. cochlea d. ear canal


COCHLEA
24. Two cars A and B are traveling toward each other at
speeds of 45 kph and 70 kph respectively. If A blows
its horn, what is the relative pitch heard by a
passenger in B considering that the velocity of
sound is 344 m/s?

a. 1.043 c. 1.096
b. 1.021 d. 1.078

DOPPLER EFFECT!!!


25. An explosion occurs at a distance of 4 km from the
observer. How long after the explosion does a
person hear if the temperature is 18
o
C?

a. 14.58 secs c. 11.69 secs
b. 12.45 secs d. 17.54 secs


C T if T v
o
C
20 ; 6 . 0 45 . 331 s + =
LIGHT
is an electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength
that is visible to the unaided eye.
is any electromagnetic radiation ranging from 700
nm (red light) to 400 nm (violet light).

Theories about the Nature of Light
1. WAVE THEORY
proposed by Christian Huygens.
asserts that light is a form of wave motion sent out by
luminous bodies.
Huygens assumed that all spaces, molecular and
interplanetary, are filled with a hypothetical medium
known as ether

2. CORPUSCULAR THEORY
also called the PARTICLE THEORY of light.
proposed by Isaac Newton.
describes light as being composed of tiny particles
called corpuscles sent out by luminous bodies and
which behave like tiny elastic balls.
however, most scientists did not favor this theory for it
can explain the reflection of light but not the refraction
of light.

Theories about the Nature of Light
3. ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY
proposed by James Clerk Maxwell.
explains that light is the result of the oscillations of the
electrically charged particles of the atoms.

Theories about the Nature of Light
4. QUANTUM THEORY
proposed by Max Planck.
it advanced the idea that light is energy called photons
or quanta which are transmitted in small bundles or
quantities from luminous bodies and which, upon
entering the eyes, make us able to see.

Theories about the Nature of Light
Formulas in Relation to Light
a. Wavelength of Light in a Medium



b. Snells Law of Refraction

i. in terms of speed of light:

ii. in terms of refractive index:


n f
c
0

= =
r i
c c u u sin sin
2 1
=
r i
n n u u sin sin
2 1
=
c. Energy of a photon


d. Malus Law
the intensity of light that passed through the polarizer is
equal to the product of the maximum intensity and the
square of the cosine of the polarizing angle.

Formulas in Relation to Light
f h E =
u
2
0
cos I I =
26. What color has the shortest wavelength?

a. violet c. red
b. blue d. green


27. One of the common defects of vision called
farsightedness is more technically termed as

a. astigmatism c. myopia
b. hyperopia d. presbyopia

ASTIGMATISM defect of vision caused by the cornea having
different curvatures in different planes.
MYOPIA defect of vision commonly called as nearsightedness.
PRESBYOPIA defect of vision caused by aging.

28. What is the wavelength of yellow light whose
frequency is 500 THz?

a. 800 nm c. 600 nm
b. 200 nm d. 700 nm


f
c
=
29. What is the angle of refraction of light as the beam
of parallel light enters a block of ice at an angle of
incidence of 30
o
? (the index of refraction of ice is 1.31
and that of air is 1.0).

a. 45
o
c. 30
o

b. 22
o
d. 28
o

SNELLS LAW



2 2 1 1
sin sin u u n n =
30. What is the frequency of photon having energy of 2
eV?

a. 560 THz c. 300 THz
b. 250 THz d. 480 THz


hf E =