Cell Architecture

MS BTS Antenna
BTS

BSC MSC

MS

BSC
RF Channels

MSC

CELL

Abis - 2 MBits/s

Mobile Station
Mobile Station Output Power

GSM 900
CLASS 2 CLASS 3 8 watts (39 dBm) 5 watts (37 dBm) Vehicle and Portable Hand-held

CLASS 4
CLASS 5

2 watts (33 dBm)

0.8 watts (29 dBm)

Hand-held
Hand-held

DCS 1800
CLASS 1 CLASS 2 CLASS 3 1 W (30 dBm) 0.25 W (24 dBm) 4W (36 dBm) Handheld Hand-held Hand-held

Mobile Station Power Control

Mobile Station Antenna and Sensitivity

Sensitivity -102 dBm

MS Antenna gains
Handheld Mobile Antenna Gain = 0 dbi Vehicle Mounted Antenna Gain = 2 dbi

BTS Architecture 1
Rx A Tx Rx B

BSC

BPF

RFU

COM
A1 B1

Splitter
A2 B2

TRX 1

TRX 2

T R A U

Fr R e f

T S B

T R X C

PCM Interface Alarm Interface

BTS

Processor Modules

BTS Architecture 2
BTS Cabinet. 3 Channel. Single Sector
NEM Proprietary Interface BTS Alarms ABIS over G703 Backplane TRX Unit
TRX Logic

Interface

CPU

Q I

Combiner / Distribution Unit

Antenna

TRX RF
Splitter

LNA

Rx Filter
Duplexer Coupler

RF Power Amplifier

Combiner

Frequency Reference Unit

Coupler

PSU & Climate Control

BTS - Transceiver
Transmit Section
925 - 960 MHz Tx

RxA
RxB
MMI

Tx RxA RxB
MMI

C O M B

Lt Ar.

BPF

T R X C

Tx Power
T R X C

BTS - Tx Power
BTS Tx maximum output power, measured at the input of the combiner is according to its power class as shown below.

GSM 900
TRX power class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Maximum output power 55 dBm 52 dBm 49 dBm 46 dBm 43 dBm 40 dBm 37 dBm 34 dBm Tolerance (dB) TRX power class 1 2 3 4

DCS 1800
Maximum output power 43 dBm 40 dBm 37 dBm 34 dBm Tolerance (dB)

-0, +3 -0, +3 -0, +3 -0, +3 -0, +3 -0, +3 -0, +3 -0, +3

-0, +3 -0, +3 -0, +3 -0, +3

BTS - Transceiver Combiner

Hybrid / Tunable Filter Combiners are used. Hybrid Combiner can conventionally combine 2 TRX's with a loss in the range of 3 -4 dBs. For more than 2 TRX's, Hybrid Combiner's need to be cascaded

TRX1 TRX2

C O M B

- 3 dB

C O M B

-6,-6,-3

TRX3

To balance the output power, the power output from individual TRX's should be regulated.

BTS - Transceiver Tunable Combiner

Tunable Combiners are narrowband combiners .

Coventional tunable combiners can combine up to 16 TRX's with a loss of 3 - 4 dB.

Tuning of each channel can be done remotely.

BTS - Transeiver
Receive Section
Tx
RxA RxB
MMI

B
880 - 915 MHz Lt Ar.

PreAmp

Rx BPF

Tx TRX 1 RxA RxB

MMI

TRX 2

BTS Antenna's
Types

Omni-directional antennas
Directional antennas

Omni-directional Antennas Omni-directional Antennas have a uniform horizontal radiation patterns.

These antenna's are constructed by co-linear arrays of dipoles. The Gain and the beamwidth of the antenna will be depend on the number of dipole elements in the array and spacing between each dipole. The Gain, since is dependent on number of elements, will also be restricted to the size of the antenna. The Horizontal beamwidth though is 360 deg, but practically will have some nulls , typically 5% The Vertical beamwidth is inversely proportional to the gain.

Omnidirectional Antenna's
Gain

Beamwidth
Horizontal : 360 deg Vertical = 101.5 deg 10e Gain/10
Ex: 12db gain antenna will have a beamwidth of app. 7 deg and size of 3.5m at 900 MHz

Omni Antennas are always mounted on top of the pole

Directional Antenna's

By reducing the directivity, we increase the gain. Directional antenna's are high gain , small size antenna's. Application is to increase coverage and reduce interference. Directional antenna's are achieved by using reflectors. Typically 120 deg or 60 deg corner reflectors are used.

Horizontal Pattern for Directional Antenna

Gain: 8 db Beamwidth = 120 deg

Vertical Pattern for Directional Antenna

Gain: 8 db Beamwidth = 31 deg

CellSite Receiving Antenna's Space Diversity

h
D

Two receive antenna's are used at the cell-site to receive the same signal with different fading envelopes, one at each antenna. The degree of correlation between two fading envelopes is determined by the degree of separation between two receiving antenna's.

Cell-Site Receiving Antenna Separation

For SD to be effective the below correlation equation should be maintained. The only easily variable factor in the equation is "D"

n = h = 11
D

n = correlation factor h = effective antenna height (m) D = Antenna Separation(m) Ex: For an antenna height of 30m, D 8 For an antenna height of 50m, D 14

Maximum Cell Range

Apart from terrain, in an open area the maximum cell range is limited by Timing Advance. Timing Advance is a mandatory operation feature by which the intertimeslot interference is avoided. Let us first understand Timing Advance in depth.

Timing Advance
TDMA approach requires signals to arrive at BTS at the correct time. They must not overlap.
B

Delay( n bits )
MS Reference (delayed)

BTS
BTS Reference
Ex RCH

Same Delay( n bits )

RACH

RACH

Reception Delay of 2n bits

(but prop delay is still n bits only )
Ex: If an MS receives BCH , 10 bits delayed due to propagation , it takes the time of reception as synch reference, and transmits the RACH , which is also delayed due to propagation by 10 bits. So at the BTS TS0 reference receives RACH delayed by 20 bits. But the propagation delay still remains 10 bits, i.e the MS is not 20 bits but 10 bits away from the BTS

Timing Advance
So, What to do ?
B

Delay( n bits )
MS Reference (delayed)

BTS
BTS Reference

Ex RCH
RACH

Same Delay( n bits )

RACH

Reception Delay of 2n bits

(but prop delay is still n bits only )

Ask the MS to transmit earlier by 2n bits !!

2n
SDCCH

Advanced by 2n bits

SDCCH

2n
TCH

Advanced by 2n bits

TCH

Timing Advance
RACH Burst
T B

Synch Seq 41 bits

Encrypted bits 36

T B

Guard Period 68.25 bp 63 bits Timing Adv

5.25 GP

BSS calculates access delay from RACH in terms of bits Informs Mobile to delay its timing in terms of bits Maximum Timing Advance which the MS

can do is of 63 bits.

Mobile Maximum Range

MS_max_Range = Max Propagation delay x velocity Max Propagation Delay = Max propagation delayed bits x Bit period Delayed Bits = Max Timing Advance bits 2

Range Timing Advance Bit period Velocity

= Distance between Mobile to Base Station = Delay of Bits ( 0 -- 63 ) = 577 / 156.25 = 3.693 usecs = 3.693 x 10e-6 secs = 3 x 10e5

Range = ( 63 ) x ( 3.693 x 10e-6 ) x (3 x 10e5) 2

= 34.9 kms

Extended Cell Range

Cell range can be extended to take care of extra propagation delay ( in open area or over water ). This can be done by not using the timeslot after the RACH timeslot and later allocated SDCCH and TCH timeslot. This is because MS cannot increase timing beyond 63 bits.
R X T T X T T R 3 5 k m s R
Total accepted delay at BTS 63 + 153 = 216 bits T C H Max allowed propagation delay 108 bits T C H This is 120 Km!!!

153 bits of additional delay accepted by BTS