BIOLOGY

C0NTENT : (form 4)
Introduction to Biology Cell structure and cell organisation Movement of substances across plasma membrane Chemical composition of the cell Cell division Nutrition Respiration Dynamic ecosystem Endangered ecosystem

CONTENT : (FORM 5)
Transport Locomotion and support Coordination and response Reproduction and growth Inheritance Variation

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY

1.1 THE STUDY OF BIOLOGY

1.2 SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIO N

Importance of biology

Fields of study in Biology

Careers related to Biology

STRUCTURE AND CELL ORGANISATION

Structure & function Types Types of organism

Unicell
Nonorganelle
Organelle

Multicell

Animal cell

Plant cell

MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBARANE

The need for movement of substances across the membrane

Structure and characteristics of the plasma membrane

Types of transport across the membrane

Application

Passive transport

Active transport

Differences between passive transport and active transport

PASSIVE TRANSPORT Simple diffusion

Osmosis

Facilitated diffusion

OSMOSIS Hypertonic solution Isotonic solution Hypotonic solution

4.1 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CELL 4.6

THE IMPORTANCE OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION IN CELLS

CHAPTER 4

4.2

CARBOHYDRATES

4.5

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CELL

4.3

ENZYMES

PROTEINS
4.4

LIPIDS

State the element in the cell

4.1 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CELL

list chemical compound in cell Importance of organic compound in cell

Elements of carbohydrates

4.2
CARBOHYDRATES

Type of carbohydrates Formation & breakdown of disaccharides 7 polysaccharides

Element in protein

Various structures of proteins

4.3 PROTEINS
Formation and breakdown of dipeptides and polypeptides Essential amino acids and nonessential amino acids

Elements in lipids

Main type of lipids

4.4 LIPIDS
Compare & contrast saturated fats and unsaturated fats Formation & breakdown of fats and oils Components of fats and oils

CELL DIVISION
MITOSIS Cell cycle MEIOSIS COMPARISON BETWEEN MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

The regulation of cell cycle The application of mitosis knowledge in cloning

APPRECIATION THE MOVEMENT OF CHROMOSOSMES

Tissue culture

Cloning

Types of nutrition

Classes of food
Balanced diet Food digestion
Plant nutrition
Food technolog y

NUTRITION

Types of nutrition

Autotrophic nutrition

Heterotrophic nutrition

Photosynthesis

chemosynthesis

Holozoic nutrition

saprophytism

Parasitism

CARBOHYDRATE ROUGHAGE
PROTEIN

MINERAL

CLASSES OF FOOD

LIPID

WATER
VITAMIN

Balanced diet

Need for a balanced diet

Effects of intake of unbalanced diet

Food digestion

Digestion in human

Digestion in herbivore

Carbohydrate, lipid and protein digestion

Absorption and assimilation of digested products

Ruminants

Rodent

Defaecation

Plant nutrition

Elements required by plants

photosynthesis

Macronutrient

Micronutrient

Adaptive characteristics of the leaf for photosynthesis

Mechanism of photosynthesis

Factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis

Food technology

Technology in food production

Technology in food processing

RESPIRATION

EXTERNAL RESPIRATION

RESPIRATION IN PLANT INTERNAL/ CELLULAR RESPIRATION

EXTERNAL RESPIRATIONS
RESPIRATORY STRUCTURES & SURFACES

PROTOZOA, INSECTS, AMPHIBIANS, FISH, HUMANS

GASEOUS EXCHANGE & TRANSPORT OF GASES IN HUMANS

BREATHING CONTROL MECHANISMS

RESPIRATORY ADAPTATIONS & BREATHING MECHANISMS

REGULATORY MECHANISM OF CARBON DIOXIDE & OXYGEN CONTENTS IN THE BODYS

BREATHING RATE & HEARTBEAT RATE UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS TISSUE CAPILLARIES & BODY CELLS

LUNGS & BLOOD CAPILLARIES

INTERNAL RESPIRATION

COMPARISON

RESPIRATION IN PLANTS

COMPENSATION POINT

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

AEROBIC RESPIRATION

COMPARISONS BETWEEN THE PROCESSES OF RESPIRATION & PHOTOSYNTHESIS

DYNAMIC ECOSYSTEM

ECOSYSTEM

POPULATION ECOLOGY

BIODIVERSITY
Classification of microorganism

Biotic

Colonisation and succession

The role of microorganisms

Abiotic

APPRECIATING BIODIVERSITY

Effects of unplanned development and mismanagement of the ecosystem Human activities that endangered ecosystem

Pollution

ENDANGERED ECOSYSTEM
Greenhouse effect

Thinning of the ozone layer

Maintaining the balance of nature

POLLUTION
Air pollution Thermal pollution Water pollution Noise pollution Effects of pollution

Maintaining the balance of nature Ecosystem management

Management of development activities

TRANSPORT

involves

PLANTS

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
in

HUMANS
04/07/2013

ANIMALS

HUMANS

COMPOSITION OF HUMAN BLOOD

FUNCTION OF BLOOD
involves

TRANSPORT BLOOD CLOTTING

04/07/2013

DEFENCE AGAINST DISEASES

Leads to

IMMUNITY AND IMMUNISATION

ANIMALS
Consists of

OPEN SYSTEM

CLOSED SYSTEM
Divided into

SINGLE CIRCULATION
COMPLETE
04/07/2013

DOUBLE CIRCULATION INCOMPLETE

PLANTS
involves

XYLEM TISSUES
Role in

PHLOEM TISSUES

Role in

TRANSPIRATION
04/07/2013

TRANSLOCATION

SUPPORT AND LOCOMOTION

The function of cartilage and sinovial fluid at the joint Consequences of impaired musculoskeletal system on support and locomotion

Support and locomotion of human and animal

Support in plant

The function of muscle, ligament and tendon in movement.

Movement of animal

Appreciating healthy musculoskeletal system

Stimulus and response

Nervous coordination

Chemical coordination

COORDINATION AND RESPONSE

homeostasis

Practising a healthy lifestyle

Disease related to the nervous system

Stimulus and response

Voluntary action Involuntary action Reflex action

Nervous coordination

Nervous system Peripheral nervous system - Cranial nerve - Spinal nerve Central nervous system

Transmission of nerve impulses

neurones

Brain

Neurone structure Type of neurone

Spinal cord

Synapse

Chemical coordination Endocrine system Plants response Types of hormone Hormone function Uses of hormones

Practising a healthy lifestyle

Effects of drug abuse

Effects of alcohol consumption

HUMANS

PLANTS

REPRODUCTION REPRODUCTION & GROWTH GROWTH

04/07/2013

REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS SPERMATOGENESIS

DEVELOPMENT OF ZYGOTE
Failure may use

OOGENESIS
Connected to

MENSTRUAL CYCLE
04/07/2013

TECHNOLOGY IN REPRODUCTION

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS involves SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Formation of

POLLEN GRAIN

Leads to

EMBRYOSAC DOUBLE FERTILISATION

04/07/2013

GROWTH

Characteristic of

GROWTH CURVE
in

ANIMALS

PLANTS
involves

04/07/2013

PRIMARY GROWTH

SECONDARY GROWTH

INHERITANCE
Characteristic and trait MENDELS FIRST LAW MENDELS SECOND LAW INHERITANCE

GEN DAN ALELLE Dominant and recessive allelle

The Rhesus factor Human Karyotype

Gender determination
GENOTYPE DAN PHENOTYPE Sex linked inheritance Genetic disorder Gene and chromososmes DNA Application of genetic knowledge in human daily life Genetic engineering

Variation Types of variation Sources of variation

Continuous variation
Discontinuous variation

Environmental factors
Genetic factors

Genetic factors

Independent assortment of homologous chromosomes

Genetic recombination during crossing over in prophase I

Random fertilisation

mutation

Types of mutagen

Chromosomal mutation

Gene mutation