LIGHT MICROSCOPES (DISSECTING, COMPOUND BRIGHTFIELD, AND COMPOUND PHASE-CONTRAST) 2. ELECTRON MICROSCOPES (TRANSMISSION AND SCANNING) 3.

ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE MAGNIFICATION the enlargement (or reduction) between the specimen and its image. - multiply the ocular lens by the objective lens Ex. Ocular lens -4x ; objective lens 100x - 4 x 100 = 400x magnification Resolution ability to distinguish between two objects (or points) Working distance distance between the specimen and the magnifying lens Depth of field measure the amount of a specimen that can be in focus
1.

An image of an ant in a scanning electron microscope

Electron microscope constructed by Ernst Ruska in 1933

The first atomic force microscope

METRIC SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT

meter (m) basic unit of length liter (l) basic unit of volume gram (g) basic unit of weight Prefixes: kilo (k) 1000 of the basic unit centi (c) 1/100 of the basic unit milli (m) 1/1000 of the basic unit micro () 1/1000000 of the basic unit nano (n) 1/1000000000 of the basic unit

LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

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Subatomic particles: These are the electron, proton, neutron or other fundamental units of matter. Atoms: Smallest unit of an element (a fundamental substance)that retains the properties of an element. Molecules: Unit of two or more bonded-together atoms of the same element or different elements. Organelle: A subunit of a cell, an organelle is involved in a specific subcellular function. Cell: The fundamental unit of living things. Each cell has some sort of hereditary material (either DNA or more rarely RNA), energy acquiring chemicals, structures, etc. Tissue: (in multicellular organisms). A group of cells performing a specific function.

7. Organ: (in multicellular organisms). A group of cells or tissues performing an overall function. 8. Organ System: (in multicellular organisms). A group of cells, tissues, and organs that perform a specific major function. 9. Multicelled Organism: The multicellular individuals consisting of interdependent cells organized into tissues, organs, and organ systems. 10. Population: Groups of similar individuals occupying the same area. 11. Community: Composed of populations of all species occupying in the same area. 12. Ecosystems: Comprised of all communities and their physical environment.

13. BIOSPHERE: A DIVISION OF THE EARTH ECOSYSTEM TOGETHER WITH ATMOSPHERE(AIR), LITHOSPHERE (EARTH), HYDROSPHERE(WATER), AND BIOSPHERE (LIFE). ALL REGIONS OF THE EARTHS CRUST, WATERS, AND ATMOSPHERE THAT SUSTAIN LIFE.