AN INTRODUCTION

Anatomy structures of body parts and their relationship to one another Physiology how the body parts work and carry out their life sustaining activities

Principle of complementarity of structure and function what a structure can do depends on its specific form

Maintaining boundaries Movement Responsiveness Digestion Metabolism Excretion Reproduction (cellular or organismal) Growth

Separate the internal environment from the external Includes the selectively permeable membrane of all our cells Integumentary or skin

Includes moving about and manipulating our environment using the muscular system Contractility shortening and lengthening of each muscle cell Also includes propulsion of blood, food stuffs, and urine

Also called irritability Ability to sense changes in the environment and then respond to them Ex: taking your hand away from a sharp glass or increase in your breathing rate when carbon dioxide in your blood increases as detected by chemical receptors

Breaking dwon of food stuffs to simple molecules that cells can use Performed by the digestive system

Includes all chemical reactions that occur within cells Catabolism - breaking down of substances to their simpler building blocks Anabolism synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances Cellular Respiration prodcution of ATP using nutrients and oxygen Depends on the digestive and respiratory systems

Process of removin g wastes from the body which includes non-useful byproducts of digestion and metabolism Examples of wastes: carbon dioxide and urea

Can occur at cellular or organismal level Cellular reproduction division of existing cells to produce more cells Organismal reproduction main function of the reproductive system

Increase in size of a body part or the whole organism Usually accomplished by increasing the number of cells Can also occur with an increase in size without cell reproduction

Ultimate goal maintain life Requires several factors to be present

Nutrients carbohydrates, protein, fats, vitamins,

and minerals Oxygen required in oxidative reactions which release energy from food Water provides the environment necessary for chemical reactions, fluid base for body secretions Normal body temperature optimal is 37C Atmospheric pressure force that air exerts, necessary for breathing and gas exchange

wisdom of the body Ability our bodies to maintain relatively stable internal conditions Body is in homeostasis when its needs are adequately met and is functioning smoothly Every organ contributes Example: temperature maintenance

Communication within the body is essential for homeostasis

Nervous system neural electrical impulses Endocrine system bloodborne hormones

HSC is composed of 3 mains parts with regards to the factor or event being regulated (variable)
1. receptor sensor the monitors environment

and responds to changes (stimuli) 2. control center receives information (input), determines the level at which a variable must be maintained (setpoint), and then establishes appropriate action (output)

 3. Effector provides the means for the control

centers response results of the response then influence the stimulus either depressing it (negative feedback) or enhancing it (positive fedback)

Comprises most HCMs Output shuts off the original stimulus or reduces it Causes the variable to change in the opposite direction returning it to the ideal

Result is repsonse enhances the original stimulus so that the activity is accelerated positive change proceeds in the same direction as the disturbance Usually control infrequent events that are self-perpetuating Often referred to as cascade reactions

Most diseases are a result of homeostatic imbalance Aging can result in less efficient control mechanisms