India's Energy Security

Indias Energy Security The Role of Nuclear Energy
Ratan K. Sinha Distinguished Scientist and Director, Reactor Design & Development Group, BARC
7/11/2013 7:44 AM
Guest Lecture at Petroleum Federation of India, New Delhi May 27, 2005
2005-05-27 (Delhi, Petrofed) RKS - India's Energy Security - The Role of Nuclear Energy
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Organisation of Atomic Energy Commission
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Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
19 Groups 71 Divisions 14900 Total Staff Strength 4130 Scientists/ Engrs.
200 Acres Area 10000 sq. m. developed gardens.
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Goals of R&D Activities in BARC
Indigenous development of nuclear technology

- for generating energy - for non-power applications
Research, Development, Demonstration and Deployment
- RD3
- Fruits of research handed over for exploitation on industrial scale by NPCIL, NFC, HWB, IREL, UCIL AND ECIL
Pursue excellence in all areas of nuclear

- Utilisation of research reactors
science and technology
- Front and back end of nuclear fuel cycle - Production of radioisotopes and development of radiation technology
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Scope of my talk today
In the available time, I intend to cover the following:

Energy Security and Nuclear Energy The Physics behind Nuclear Power The Indian Nuclear Power Programme and its Rationale.
The Indian Advanced Heavy Water Reactor An illustration of the Philosophy Behind Design & Development of Advanced Nuclear Reactors.
The Indian Programme for Generation of Hydrogen using Nuclear Energy
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Energy Security and Nuclear Energy
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There is no power as costly as no-power Homi Bhabha
80
Life Expectancy at Birth (years)
Japan U.S.A.
70
India (1997)
60
India (1980-85)
50
India (1961 -70) India (1951-60)
40
Source of the Data: World Bank, 1999
30 10 100 1000 10000

7
Electricity Consumption per Capita (kWh/year)

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Nuclear Power is the greatest facilitator of energy security in countries with inadequate domestic energy resources
Requirement of natural uranium for a 1000 MWe Nuclear Power Plant: ~ 160 t /Year.
REACTOR
Requirement of coal for a 1000 MWe Coal fired plant ~ 2.6 million t / Year (i.e. 5 trains of 1400 t /Day)
2005-05-27 (Delhi, Petrofed) RKS - India's Energy Security - The Role of Nuclear Energy 8
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'The ice is melting much faster than we thought'

Even if they (opponents of nuclear energy) were right about its dangers, and they are not, its worldwide use as our main source of energy would pose an insignificant threat compared with the dangers of intolerable and lethal heat waves and sea levels rising to drown every coastal city of the world. We have no time to experiment with visionary energy sources; civilisation is in imminent danger and has to use nuclear - the one safe, available, energy source - now or suffer the pain soon to be inflicted by our outraged planet. - Eminent Environmental Scientist, James Lovelock, The Independent, May 24, 2004
Greenland Picture: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=15341
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Nuclear Power in the World Today
First commercial nuclear power stations started operation in 1950s. 440 commercial nuclear reactors operating in 31 countries 360,000 MWe is the total capacity. Supply of 16% of the world's electricity 56 countries operate a total of 284 research reactors.
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Development of Nuclear Power - Chronology
Major Events Affecting Growth of Nuclear Power
1970's Oil Shock 1979 - TMI Accident 1986 - Chernobyl Accident
1990's Liberalisation of electricity market and availability of cheap gas

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Some Data for the Top Twelve GDP Ranking Countries

GDP Rank 01 02 03 04 05 06 Electricity Prodn. Rank 01 02 03 05 07 08 Per Capita Elec. Gen. (kWh/yr) 12824 1104 8152 610 6616 8642 bn kWh Nuclear 2003* 763.7 79.0 230.8 16.4 157.4 420.7 % Nuclear 20 1.4 39 3.7 30 78 Reactors under constn. 0 3 3 9 (8 now) 0 0 Installed MWe per Te U/Yr reqd. 4.4 5.1 5.8 8.5 5.6 6.2
Country
USA China Japan India Germany France
UK
Italy Russia Brazil
07
08 09 10
09
12 04 10
6006
4462 5858 1765
85.3
0 138.4 13.3
22
0 16 4.0
0
0 6 0
4.9
6.9 6.1
S. Korea
Canada WORLD
11
12
11
06
6020
17581 2356
123.3
70.3
39
12 16
2
0 29
5.3
7.1 5.4
Sources: 1. Uranium Information Centre, Australia http://www.uic.com.au/reactors.htm 3. *WNA 2. CIA World Fact Book 2003 (Electricity Prodn. 2001, Population 2003)
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We can draw some interesting inferences from the data for the twelve top rankers
Exceptions countries with a very cold climate (Russia and Canada)
GDP and Electricity Generation ranks more or less match A Strong Correlation.
All the twelve countries have (or have had) a significant nuclear power programme Countries with no active nuclear construction programmes today have either high per capita electricity generation or access to alternative energy options (cheaper in the short term).

Japan : High PCEC, but no domestic fuel resources - active programme. Brazil: Low PCEC, but large hydro resources dormant programme. Italy: Shutdown its existing four Nuclear Power Plants, but imports 20% of its electricity from neighboring France, which produces 80% of its electricity using Nuclear. Acid rain damaging Italian lakes.
The selection of nuclear reactor technology has a large bearing on the efficient utilisation of available Uranium.
India (PHWRs) tops the list in this regard.

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Perspective of a country on nuclear energy depends on domestic realities
1.0
Human Development Index
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
India
Japan U. S. A.
0.9
In general, the perspective of a country on nuclear energy and degree of public acceptance could depend on where you are on these curves, on the availability of fossil and hydro resources, and on technological development capacity. - R. Chidambaram, 2003
0.3 10 100
Source of the Data: World Bank, 1999 Human Development Report, 2001
1000 10000
Per Capita Electricity Consumption (kWh/year)

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The three basic concepts of the Physics behind Nuclear Power
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1. Fission
Natural uranium that is mined from the ground is 0.7% U-235 and 99.3% U-238.
Slow Neutrons can initiate a fission of uranium 235 (U-235), an isotope of uranium that occurs in nature.
The result of the fission is Fission products that are radioactive, Radiation, Fast neutrons (~ 2.5 neutrons per fission) Heat.
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The fission reaction

n
Fast-n
Neutron
Nucleus
Compound Nucleus in an excited state of high internal energy
Fission Fragments
~200 MeV of Energy
Radiation
235 92U 235 92U
+ 0n1 + 0n1
36Kr
92
56Ba
141
+ 3(0n1) + Energy + 7(-1e0) + 2(0n1) + Energy
42Mo
95
57La
139
Mass 'm1'= 236.0526 g
Mass 'm2'= 235.8332 g
Difference in mass m = 0.2194 gm
E = m * c2 c, velocity of light = 3 x108 m/s
Fission of 1 gm of U-235 per day generates ~1 MW Power

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2. Moderation
The fast neutrons have a low probability of inducing further fissions (but used as such in fast reactors), and hence generating more neutrons thus sustaining a chain reaction. So in thermal reactors, we need to slow down the neutrons (i.e., thermalise or moderate them), which we do by using a moderator such as water (Heavy Water or Light water).
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Slowing down (thermalisation or moderation) of fission neutrons facilitates lower critical mass, but leads to some loss of neutrons through absorption in the moderator
Variation of fission crosssection (barns) of U-235 with neutron energy (eV)
Cross-section: The effective target presented by a nucleus for collisions leading to nuclear reactions . 1 barn = 10-24 cm2
Thermal Reactors
Energy distribution of fission neutrons peaks at ~ 0.7 MeV with average energy at ~ 1.9 MeV.
Fast Reactors
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3. Conversion
Uranium-235 is the only naturally occurring fissile isotope. Plutonium-239 and Uranium-233 are man-made fissile isotopes which can be produced in a reactor. Uranium 238 (99.3% of natural uranium) on absorbing neutrons in a nuclear reactor, gets converted to Plutonium-239.
Thorium-232, another naturally occurring element, on absorbing neutrons in a nuclear reactor, gets converted to Uranium-233.
The converted fissile materials (Pu-239 and U-233) can be recovered by reprocessing the spent fuel coming out of a reactor.Closed Nuclear Fuel Cycle In breeder reactors (practically, Fast Breeder Reactors) it is possible to produce more fissile material than that gets consumed.
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Conversion of fertile material to fissile material is made possible by neutron capture reactions (n, g)
238 U 92
1 n 0
(Fertile)
(Fissile)
232 Th 90
239 + U 92 239 + Np 93 239 + Pu 94
g
0 b -1 0 b -1
1 n 0
(n, g)
(Fertile)
(Fissile)
233 + Th g 90 233 + 0 Pa b 91 -1 233 + 0 U b 92 -1

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Nuclear reactors operating on fission are broadly classified into two types Classification of Reactor Systems
Thermal Reactors
Fission
Fast Reactors
Fission
is sustained primarily by thermal neutrons ( E ~ 0.025 eV).

(Ordinary water, heavy water, graphite, beryllium) is required to slow down the high energy fission neutrons. Large core. high fission cross-section for thermal neutrons, less fuel inventory.
is sustained primarily by fast neutrons (E ~ 1 MeV) moderator used. Compact core. High core power density liquid metal or helium gas as coolant.
Moderator
No
Very
Higher
number of neutrons available for capture in fertile material. Breeding possible.

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There are two options for a Nuclear Fuel Cycle : Open, and Closed
ENERGY
REFINING (U & Th CONCT.)
235U
ENRICHMENT
RECYCLED FUEL FABRICATION
FRESH FUEL
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
MINING U & Th ORES
Th232, U233, Pu239 U238 REPROCESSING

FISSION PRODUCTS
SPENT FUEL
CLOSED CYCLE OPEN CYCLE
WASTE CONDITIONING WASTE DISPOSAL

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Main attributes of nuclear energy relevant for electricity and hydrogen generation
Very large resource Suitable for large unit sizes for meeting urban and concentrated industrial demands
No CO2 emissions
Relatively insensitive to fuel price increase Capability to produce very high temperature process heat
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The Indian Nuclear Power Programme and its Rationale
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Our Goal
Our dream to realise a quality of life for people commensurate with other developed countries - Needs generation of 5000 kWh per year per capita, - Demands a total capacity of 7500 billion kWh per year for a population of 1.5 billion by 2050, - Calls for a strategic growth in electricity generation considering: Energy resources, self sufficiency, Effect on local, regional & global environment, Health externalities, Demand profile & energy import scenario.
Our study indicates a necessity to meet more than 1/4th of electricity generation by nuclear. Nuclear energy will also need to play a progressively increasing role for non- grid-based-electricity applications (hydrogen generation, desalination, compact power packs).
- From a presentation by Dr. Anil Kakodkar in INSAC-2003, Kalpakkam
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Domestic energy resources must be a major contributor to Indian energy supply.
For a large country like India, with huge future energy requirements, depending largely upon import of energy resources and technologies is neither economically sustainable nor strategically sound for energy security.
Domestic resources & infrastructure
High
(may grow with time)
High incentive for self-reliance
Low incentive for self-reliance
Low
Small Large
Size of Nuclear Power Programme

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The Indian Energy Resource Base explains our current priority for Closed Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Thorium
Amount 38 BT (Extractable) Potential (GWe-yr) 7614
Resource Coal
Oil + OEG
Uranium Thorium Hydro Non-conv. Renewables
12 BT
61000 T Metal 225000 T Metal 150 GWe (Name plate) 100 GWe (Name plate) In PHWRs In FBRs In Breeders 69/yr 33/ yr
(5833)
328 42231 225000
Total Solar Insolation
(600,000 GWe.)
Ref.: A Strategy for Growth of Electrical Energy in India, DAE, August 2004
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India has adopted a closed nuclear fuel cycle for its indigenous programme
To facilitate wide-spread and long term use of nuclear power a sustainable nuclear fuel strategy, based on closed nuclear fuel cycle and thorium utilisation is essential. Taking cognisance of its resource position, the Indian priority for adopting this strategy has been high. The Indian nuclear power programme, therefore, has three major stages:
1) Nat. U in PHWRs
2) Pu in FBRs
3) U-233, Th in advanced reactors [a possibility of synergy with Accelerator Driven Systems (ADS)].
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The three stage Indian Nuclear Power Programme aims to achieve long-term energy security through self-reliance.
3rd Stage: Thorium-233U based reactors
2nd Stage: Fast Breeder Reactors using Pu as fuel and breeding Pu and 233U.
1st Stage: Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors using Natural Uranium as fuel and producing Plutonium which is recovered in reprocessing plants for initiating the 2nd Stage
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Rationale for Import of NPPs - Early Sixties
Objective:
Technology absorption, familiarisation and infrastructure building.
Requirements:
Affordability - Low capital cost and favourable payment terms. Security - Assurance of future supplies and support Technology - Readily available, proven technology; Turn-key construction
Outcome:
Two 200 MWe BWRs at Tarapur supplied by GE USA.
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Rationale for Import of NPPs - Late Sixties
Objective:
Long term economics and sustainability for building a large programme.
Requirements:
Security and Sustainability - security of fuel supply. Technology - consistent with first stage of a long term vision - participation of local industry. - willingness to consider a new technology.
Outcome:
Launching a PHWR programme, starting with RAPS-1, a 200 MWe PHWR built with Canadian support.
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Current Rationale for Import of NPPs
Objective:
Augment nuclear share in the energy mix, in the short term.
Requirements:

Light water reactors of proven performance Terms acceptable to India Limited number (about 6 GWe) Kundankulam-1 & 2, 2x1000MWe VVER based NPPs from RF
Outcome:
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The current Indian nuclear power reactors belong to six different configurations
DIFFERENT POWER REACTOR CONFIGURATIONS
ORDINARY WATER MODERATED REACTORS
HEAVY WATER MODERATED REACTORS
FAST BREEDER REACTORS

Kalpakkam
GAS COOLED REACTORS OTHER REACTORS

CHTR
PRESSURISED WATER Cooled
BOILING WATER Cooled

Tarapur 1&2
PRESSURISED HEAVY WATER Cooled

Rajasthan Kalpakkam Narora Kaiga Kakarapar, Tarapur
BOILING WATER Cooled

AHWR
Kundankulam
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Current status of the Indian nuclear power programme

Among the best performing in the world
88 88 85 82 80 75 71 67
90 85
Availability/Capacity Factor(%) ----->
84 79 72 69 75
84
86
80 75 70 65 60 55 50 60
1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03
Stage - I PHWRs 13- Operating 5 - Under construction Several others planned POTENTIAL 10 GWe
Stage II FBRs
Stage - III Thorium Based Reactors
30 kWth KAMINI- Oper. 40 MWth FBTR- Oper. 300 MWe AHWR 500 MWe PFBR- Under Under development construction POTENTIAL 350 GWe CHTR Under design. POWER POTENTIAL LWRs Very Large. Availability Largest number of reactors 2 BWRs- Operating of ADS can enable early under construction in any 2 VVERs- Under introduction of Thorium country in the world today construction on a large scale.
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Indian Nuclear Power Programme till 2020

CAPACITY (MWe) CUMULATIVE CAPACITY (MWe)
REACTOR TYPE AND CAPACITIES
13 reactors at 6 sites under operation Tarapur, Rawatbhata, Kalpakkam, Narora, Kakrapar and Kaiga
5 PHWRs under construction at Tarapur (1x540 MWe),Kaiga (2x220 MWe), RAPS-5&6(2x220 MWe) 2 LWRs under construction at Kudankulam(2x1000 MWe) PFBR at Kalpakkam under construction (1 X 500 MWe) Projects planned till 2020 PHWRs(8x700 MWe), FBRs(4x500 MWe), LWRs(6x1000 MWe), AHWR(1x300 MWe)
3,260
3,260
1,420
4,680
2,000 500 13,900
6,680 7,180 21,080
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A Study on Projected Growth of Installed Nuclear Generation Capacity using Indigenous Fuel and Technologies
Projected Growth with Indigenous Fuel
250
200
GWe
150
100
Thermal Fast Total
50
0 2002
2012
2022
2032
2042
2052
Year
Ref.: A Strategy for Growth of Electrical Energy in India, DAE, August 2004
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The Indian Advanced Heavy Water Reactor An illustration of the Philosophy Behind Design & Development of Advanced Nuclear Reactors.
At BARC, the design and development of AHWR is currently in an advanced stage.
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Advanced Heavy Water Reactor
AHWR is a vertical pressure tube type, boiling light water cooled and heavy water moderated reactor using 233U-Th MOX (Mixed Oxide) and Pu-Th MOX fuel.
Major Design Objectives 1. A large fraction of power from thorium. 2. Deployment of passive safety features 3 days grace period. 3. No need for planning off-site emergency measures. 4. Power output 300 MWe with 500 m3/d of desalinated water. 5. Design life of 100 years.
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The 3.5 m long AHWR fuel clusters have a design which is unique in the world.
(Th-Pu)O2 pins (Th233
U)O2 pins
Water Tube Displacer Rod
Top Tie Plate
Fuel Cluster Cross-Section
Water Tube Fuel Pin Displacer Rod
Key Features
Thorium bearing fuel [(Th + Pu)O2 MOX, (Th + 233U)O2 MOX]; Enrichment 2.5% (top half) & 4% (bottom half) in the former Central (ZrO2-Dy2O3) displacer rod Emergency core cooling water injected into the cluster through the holes in displacer rod
Bottom Tie Plate
Low pressure drop design

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These fuel clusters reside in 452 out of 505 lattice positions in a vertical core having Heavy Water moderator
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
A B C D E F G H J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 37 39 41 40 38 33 34 AR 35 36 31 RR 23 27 29 24 SR 30 RR 32 25 28 26 20 AR SR 21 SR AR 22 16 14 17 10 RR 12 SR 18 13 15 19 RR 11 6 7 AR 8 9 4 2 1 3 5
Shut off Rod
41
AR
RR SR
Absorber Rod
Regulating Rod Shim Rod
4
4 4
30,000 MWd/Te 23,500 MWd/Te 20,000 MWd/Te

Typical incore detector Lattice Position (36 positions) 4x4
Dia. 202
Incore Detector
452 Fuel Channels

Dia. 30
(Typ.)
245
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The reactor is located in the basement with four steam drums located at the top
Isolation Condensers
GDWP Header
Advanced Accumulators
Down comers Steam drums Tail pipes ECC Pipes PW Header

MHT Purification system
Tail Pipe Tower

Moderator System
Feeder pipes
Vertical Sectional View

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Boiling water under natural circulation (i.e., no pumps are used in the main coolant circuit) cools the fuel clusters
Heat removal from core under both normal full power operating condition as well as shutdown condition is by natural circulation of coolant.
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Even if the largest size pipe suddenly breaks, the Emergency Core Cooling System (ECCS) will flood the core with cold water, without any operator or control action
(Th + Pu)O2 24 pins
Water Tube
(Th + U233)O2 30 pins
Displacer Rod
Passive injection of cooling water, initially from accumulator and later from the overhead GDWP, directly into fuel cluster.
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The reactor has unique advanced safety features to reliably cool it and shut it down even with human failure, power failure, and failure of all wired controls.
TO GDWP 82 bar 71 bar CONDENSER STEAM DISCHARGE VALVE (CSDV)
Steam overpressure can passively shut down reactor
ISOLATION CONDENSERS (ICS)-8Nos.
HP & LP TURBINE & REHEATERS
STEAM DRUM (4Nos.) HELIUM PRESSURE RD POISON TANK
Pressure Pressure 76.5 71 bar 82 70 bar bar

TO SEA FEED PUMP SEAWATER PUMP CONDENSER
DOWNCOMER TAIL PIPE INLET HEADER FEED HEATING & DEAERATION
PASSIVE VALVE 58 bar RD LIQUID POISON
CORE
EXTRACTION PUMP
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Computations indicate that the fuel temperature will hardly rise even with such extremely low probability accidents (contemplated in the design.)
Flow through Isolation Condenser

700
50
Clad Surface Temperature
IC Mass Flow Rate (kg/s)
40
650
30
10 sec delay 5 sec delay 2 sec delay
Clad Temperature (K)
10 sec delay 5 sec delay 2 sec delay
600
20
10
550
0 0 200 400 600 800 1000
500 0 200 400 600 800
1000
Time (s)
Time (s)
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A large number of experimental facilities have been built and used to validate the computer codes used in AHWR design.
ISOLATION CONDENSER
STEAM DRUM TAIL PIPE
N2 CYLINDER
ADVANCED ACCUMULATOR
GRAVITY DRIVEN WATER POOL
RUPTURE DISC
ECCS HEADER
HEADER
FUEL CHANNEL SIMULATOR

FEEDER
INTEGRAL TEST LOOP

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Some Thermal Hydraulic Experimental Facilities for Development of AHWR - 1/2
Facility at Apsara Reactor for Flow Pattern Transition Studies by Neutron Radiography
Natural Circulation Loop (NCL) for Stability and Start-up Studies
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Some Thermal Hydraulic Experimental Facilities for Development of AHWR - 2/2
Transparent Set up for Natural Circulation Flow Distribution Studies
3 MW Boiling Water Loop
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Most of the AHWR design objectives are consistent with the recent internationally stipulated requirements for next generation NPPs.
IAEA-TECDOC-1362, June 2003

This IAEA INPRO Report provides a Methodology for Assessment of Innovative Nuclear Energy Systems as based on the defined set of Basic Principles, User Requirements and Criteria in the areas of Economics, Sustainability and Environment, Safety, Waste Management, Proliferation Resistance and recommendations on Cross Cutting Issues. AHWR was selected as the subject of a Case Study under INPRO. Its compliance with INPRO requirements was demonstrated in the Case Study report.
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The Indian Programme for Generation of Hydrogen using Nuclear Energy
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Large scale commercial production of hydrogen is an energy intensive process
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High temperatures (typically > 800 C) are generally required for efficiently producing hydrogen from water
Electrolysis
Water
60
Thermo-chemical cycle
I-S Cu-Cl Ca-Br2
60
Overall H2 Conv. Eff., %
50 40 30 20 10 0 200 400 600

SPE AWE MCE
Overall H2 Conv. Eff., %
HTE
50 40 30 20 10 0 500 600 700 Goals

Max. temp
H2
800
o
1000
800
o
900
1000
Temperature, C
Temperature, C
Electrolysis Processes: AW: Alkali Water, MC: Molten Carbonate SP: Solid Polymer, HT: High Temperature
Ref: IAEA-TECDOC-1085: Hydrogen as an energy carrier and its production by nuclear power
Thermo-chemical Processes: Cu-Cl: Copper - Chlorine, Ca-Br2 : CalciumBromine, I-S: Iodine-Sulfur Process
Ref: High Efficiency Generation of Hydrogen Fuels Using Nuclear Power, G.E. Besenbruch, L.C. Brown, J.F. Funk, S.K. Showalter, Report GAA23510 and ORNL Website 53
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Comparison of thermo-chemical processes

I-S Process Efficiency (%) Typical operating temperature Process streams Development stage Demonstration Corrosion Capital Cost 57 950oC Liquid & gas Fully flow sheeted Ca-Br Process 40 760oC Gas Fully flow sheeted Cu-Cl Process 41 550oC Liquid & gas R&D stage Not demonstrated Low
Pre pilot plant Pilot plant High Low High High
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Schematic flow diagram of I-S process
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BARC roadmap of R & D for the thermochemical process based hydrogen production
Demonstration using 600 MWTh HTR : ~ 80,000 m3 H2/hr
System design : Process, chemical reactors Demonstration with metallic chemical reactors :~ 13 m3 H2/hr Process simulation using chemical process simulator
Experimental studies for improving specific processing methods
Lab scale demonstration : ~ 50 L H2/hr
Early R&D -Studies on reactions & separations
F L O W S H E E TI N G
Evaluation & Development of materials

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High temperature electrolysis is more efficient and needs less electricity. For this process, nuclear reactors can supply both - high temperature heat & electricity.
_ 4e DC Supply Oxygen
High Temperature Steam Electrolysis (HTSE)
A high temperature nuclear reactor coupled with a steam electrolyser would be extremely efficient with a thermal to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of 55% Part of the energy needed to split the water is added as heat instead of electricity, thus reducing the overall energy required and improving process efficiency Super heated steam (at 850C) is introduced at the cathode where hydrogen is separated and oxygen ion passes through a conducting ceramic membrane (usually Yttria Stabilized Zirconia, YSZ) and liberated at anode HTSE cell and components are similar to SOFC BARC is developing a 5 kW SOFC system SOFC development will ease switch over to steam electrolysis system
Porous Anode YSZ Gas-tight Electrolyte Porous Cathode Hydrogen + Steam Porous Cathode
= O = O
YSZ Gas-tight Electrolyte

= O = O
Porous Anode
Cathode Reaction _ = 2H2 O + 4e 2O + 2H2 Anode Reaction _ = 2O O2 + 4e
= O = O
Steam
High Temperature Steam Electrolysis (Tubular Geometry)

HWD/SKM/pillai 29.11.04
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Nuclear hydrogen production system being developed in BARC is to satisfy total energy needs of a region in the form of hydrogen, electricity and potable water
Hydrogen High Temperature Nuclear Hydrogen Production System Fuel High Grade Reactor for Combined Heat Thermo-Chemical Process Heat & Power Production Conventional Nuclear Power Electricity Electrolysis Based Technologies Plant (Off-peak hour electricity) Electricity Waste Heat Turbo-Generator Reject Heat
Desalination Solid Oxide Fuel Cell High Grade Operating at 1000 C Heat Electricity Electricity
Potable Water Hydrogen Fuel
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
Hydrogen Storage
Turbo-Generator
Automotive Applications
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A Compact High Temperature Reactor (CHTR) is under design at BARC. It will serve as the platform for developing and demonstrating technologies associated with Indian HTRs. CHTR- Technology Demonstrator 100 kWTh, 1000 C, Portable, TRISO Fuel Several passive systems for reactor safety and heat removal - unattended operation Prolonged operation without refuelling
Multipurpose Nuclear Power Pack (MNPP) 5 MWTh, 550 C, Portable, Metallic Fuel Several passive systems for reactor safety and heat removal - unattended operation >15 year operation without refuelling
Indian HTR for Hydrogen Prodn. 600 MWTh , ~1000 C, TRISO Fuel Combination of active and passive systems for control & cooling Medium life core
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CHTR has an all ceramic core containing mainly BeO and carbon based components
Fuel Channels Beryllia Passive Power Regulation System Graphite Reflector Downcomers Molybdenum alloy Shell Gas Gaps High Thermal Conductivity Material Shells Steel Shell
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Several innovations in the areas of fuel, materials, passive reactor safety, efficient heat removal systems & liquid heavy metal coolant technology mark CHTR configuration.
Shutdown System Heat Exchange Vessels Heat Pipes Gas Gap Filling System Upper Plenum Fuel Channel Beryllia Moderator and Reflector Graphite Reflector Lower Plenum Passive Power Regulation System
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Major Design Guide
Use of thorium fuels
Passive core heat by natural circul liquid heavy coolant
Passive power re and s mechanism.
Passive rejection heat to the atm under a condition
Compact desi minimise weight reactor

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Passive systems for CHTR
Natural circulation of coolant
Passive regulation of reactor power under normal operation

Negative Doppler coefficient (-2.8 x 10-5 k/k/C) Negative moderator temperature coefficient Passive shutdown for accidental conditions Passive system for conduction of heat from reactor core by filling of gas gaps by liquid metal Removal of heat from upper plenum, under both normal and accidental conditions by heat pipes Removal of heat from the core by C/C composite heat pipes under accidental conditions with LOCA
Inherently safe
Several of these features will be retained for the Indian High Temperature Reactor for Hydrogen production
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Major Research & Development issues and critical technologies for high temperature reactors
Materials related technologies

Molten heavy metal coolant technology - Experimental Loop being set-up Advanced TRISO coated fuel particles - Coating trials underway BeO Production of required shape and size - Sample pieces made Graphite & C-C composites for reactor components - Collaboration with other R & D centre High temperature structural materials - Under development Oxidation and corrosion resistant coatings - Under development
Technologies for engineering systems

Passive reactor regulation & shutdown systems Experimental set-up High heat flux passive heat removal technologies designed High temperature heat removal by heat pipes Reactor physics calculations for compact cores - Codes developed Structural and thermal design rules for brittle materials - Being developed High temperature instrumentation & components for liquid metals - Being developed
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Concluding Remarks
Indian Atomic Energy Programme has come of age.
The Programme has successfully delivered a self-reliant capability for its first stage involving setting up of Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor Systems and associated fuel cycle plants. We have launched commercial Fast Breeder Reactor technology.
Our priority for the present and the future is to accelerate the development of the third stage, which would take us closer to our ultimate objective of exploitation of our vast thorium resources to address our long-term energy needs.
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Thank You
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BARC
The Indian energy resource position explains our strategy for deployment of nuclear energy
If the level of our per capita electricity consumption is raised to the level of a developed country (~5000 kWh/person/year) and only a single energy resource is to be used:

Domestic extractable coal reserves will last for < 13 years. Uranium in open cycle will last for ~ 0.5 year Uranium in closed cycle with FBRs will last for ~ 73 years Known reserves of thorium in closed cycle with breeder reactors will last for > 250 years Entire renewable energy (including hydroelectric capacity) will be sufficient for < 70 days/ year Total solar collection area (based on MNES estimate 20 MW/km2) needed will be at least ~ 31000 sq. km.
It is obvious that for long term energy security nuclear energy based on thorium has to be a prominent component of Indian energy mix.
67
BARC
Radiation is everywhere
Naturally occurring radiations due to indoor radon and radiation from outer space accounts for about 80% of our exposure, most of the balance is due to X-rays, air travel etc.
1400
Average background level 1406 Sv / year in Kerala State
1200
Radiation Dose (Sv / year)
1000
800
600
400
Radiation dose due to one chest X-ray 400 Sv Average background level 301 Sv / year in Lakshadwip
200
22.5
0 TAPS
55
RAPS
25.7
MAPS
2.13
NAPS
3.77
KAPS
2.42
KGS
Radiation Dose due to nuclear power at different NPP site boundary
Source: Public myths and perception, DAE publication

68
BARC
The two conclusions of an Oak Ridge National Lab. Study
http://www.ornl.gov/ORNLReview/rev26-4/text/colmain.html
A typical 1000 MWe coal-fired plant burns 4 million tons of coal each year Releases 5.2 tons of uranium (containing 74 pounds of uranium-235) and 12.8 tons of thorium (Environmental Protection Agency figures typical US coal contains uranium and thorium concentrations of 1.3 ppm and 3.2 ppm)
1. The energy content of nuclear fuel released in coal combustion is 1.5 times more than that of the coal consumed. 2. Americans living near coal-fired power plants are exposed to higher radiation doses than those living near nuclear power plants that meet government regulations.
BARC
The volume of waste generated by nuclear power plant is very low. It can be stored for long period before disposal.
Solidified high level waste produced by generating electricity, for an average Indian family, for 25 years from nuclear power
Waste generated from a 1000 MWe Coal fired power plant

Carbon dioxide : 2.6 million t /Year
Sulpher dioxide : 900 t /Year NOx Ash : 4500 t /Year : 3,20,000 t/Year
Waste generated from a 1000 MWe NPP

High Level : 35 t /Year
Intermediate Level : 310 t /Year Low Level
(with 400 t/Year of toxic heavy metals)
: 460 t /year
70
BARC
A balanced perspective on accidents in energy industry (or any other industry serving society) is important.
The last serious accident in a nuclear reactor occurred about 18 years back which had tightened plant safety criteria Three Mile Island Chernobyl
(1986) (1979)

No death toll Radiation was contained and there were no adverse health or environmental consequences 31 fatalities during fire fighting
71

India&#39;s Energy Security

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India&#39;s Energy Security

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Indias Energy Security The Role of Nuclear Energy

Organisation of Atomic Energy Commission

Bhabha Atomic Research Centre

19 Groups 71 Divisions 14900 Total Staff Strength 4130 Scientists/ Engrs.

200 Acres Area 10000 sq. m. developed gardens.

Goals of R&D Activities in BARC

Indigenous development of nuclear technology

Research, Development, Demonstration and Deployment

Pursue excellence in all areas of nuclear

science and technology

Scope of my talk today

In the available time, I intend to cover the following:

Energy Security and Nuclear Energy

There is no power as costly as no-power Homi Bhabha

Source of the Data: World Bank, 1999

30 10 100 1000 10000

Electricity Consumption per Capita (kWh/year)

'The ice is melting much faster than we thought'

Nuclear Power in the World Today

Development of Nuclear Power - Chronology

Major Events Affecting Growth of Nuclear Power

1970's Oil Shock 1979 - TMI Accident 1986 - Chernobyl Accident

1990's Liberalisation of electricity market and availability of cheap gas

Some Data for the Top Twelve GDP Ranking Countries

USA China Japan India Germany France

India (PHWRs) tops the list in this regard.

Perspective of a country on nuclear energy depends on domestic realities

Human Development Index

Per Capita Electricity Consumption (kWh/year)

The three basic concepts of the Physics behind Nuclear Power

The fission reaction

Compound Nucleus in an excited state of high internal energy

~200 MeV of Energy

235 92U 235 92U

+ 3(0n1) + Energy + 7(-1e0) + 2(0n1) + Energy

Mass 'm1'= 236.0526 g

Mass 'm2'= 235.8332 g

Difference in mass m = 0.2194 gm

E = m * c2 c, velocity of light = 3 x108 m/s

Fission of 1 gm of U-235 per day generates ~1 MW Power

Variation of fission crosssection (barns) of U-235 with neutron energy (eV)

239 + U 92 239 + Np 93 239 + Pu 94

233 + Th g 90 233 + 0 Pa b 91 -1 233 + 0 U b 92 -1

is sustained primarily by thermal neutrons ( E ~ 0.025 eV).

number of neutrons available for capture in fertile material. Breeding possible.

REFINING (U & Th CONCT.)

NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

MINING U & Th ORES

Th232, U233, Pu239 U238 REPROCESSING

CLOSED CYCLE OPEN CYCLE

WASTE CONDITIONING WASTE DISPOSAL

The Indian Nuclear Power Programme and its Rationale

Domestic energy resources must be a major contributor to Indian energy supply.

(may grow with time)

High incentive for self-reliance

Low incentive for self-reliance

Size of Nuclear Power Programme

Total Solar Insolation

3rd Stage: Thorium-233U based reactors

Rationale for Import of NPPs - Early Sixties

Rationale for Import of NPPs - Late Sixties

Long term economics and sustainability for building a large programme.

Current Rationale for Import of NPPs

Augment nuclear share in the energy mix, in the short term.

India's Energy Security

India's Energy Security