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Grade point average Weight Age Family income Birth rate Number of children in a family
QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE
CLASSIFICATION
Discrete variable assume a countable number of values No. of children 0, 1, 2, 3 Continuous variable assume an infinite number of values Average grade 1.5, 2.0
QUALITATIVE VARIABLE
VALUES ARE CATEGORIES, NOT SUBJECT TO QUANTITATIVE INTERPRETATION
Gender Political party affiliation Occupation Religious preference Marital status Employment status
SCALE OF MEASUREMENT
APPLIES TO QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE VARIABLES
NOMINAL SCALE only categories, with neither numerical quantity nor order implied Gender Religious preference Occupation
SCALE OF MEASUREMENT
APPLIES TO QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE VARIABLES
ORDINAL SCALE observations can be ranked from smallest to largest Outcome of a beauty contest Degrees of feeling or opinion Professors performance (poor, fair, average, good, excellent)
SCALE OF MEASUREMENT
APPLIES TO QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE VARIABLES
INTERVAL SCALE specifies numerical distance between the values Intelligence quotient Temperature (no uniquely defined zeros)
SCALE OF MEASUREMENT
APPLIES TO QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE VARIABLES
RATIO SCALE a line number with zero fixed Weight Height Income Grade point average
DATA PRESENTATION
Textual Method
Data revealed that during school year 2005-2006, out of the 350 total enrollment in the OSEC, majority of the students were superintendent, and this is represented by 280 or 80.0%. Students with the rank of major occupied the second largest group .
DATA PRESENTATION
Tabular Method
Numerical information displayed in a more concise, systematic manner in rows and columns
DATA PRESENTATION
Graphical Method
Data in visual form such that quantitative values are easily conveyed and comparison readily available
RESPONSE
FREQUENCY
----------------------------------------------TOTAL 1,200
RESPONSE
FREQUENCY
RELATIVE FREQ.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------Yes No No opinion 294 385 21 222 263 15 0.420 0.550 0.030 0.444 0.526 0.300
------------------------------------------------------------------------------Very desirable Desirable Sufficient Livable Undesirable 120 180 360 240 100 12% 18% 36% 24% 10%
----------------------------------------------------------------Rape and attempted rape Robbery Assault Personal larceny with contact Personal larceny without contact 145 1,709 5,490 783 17,185
SOURCE: Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics 1981, p. 251, U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Washington D.C.
152
28
Single
Married
Widowed
MARITAL STATUS
MARRIED 56.7%
SINGLE 32.8%
WIDOWED 10.4%
6 FREQ. 5 4 3 2 1
1 1 3 2
TYPING SCORES
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
Grouped Data
Sturges Rule guide the number of classes to use k = 1 + 3.3 log N Where: k N = number of class intervals = total number of observations
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
AGE RAW DATA PNCO PCO 40 28 40 30 39 35 54 45 32 52 35 50 37 53 44 28 50 25 25 32
k = 1 + 3.3 log N = 1 + 3.3 log 20 = 5.3 Range, R = 54 25 = 29 Class Interval, c = R/k c = 29/5.3 = 5.4; say 5