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Surge Arresters
IEEE C62.11-1999
Gaps and gapless Silicon Carbide and Metal Oxide Class Tests and Ratings Installation Field testing and Failures
No Gap:
I=kVa
Series Gap:
Shunt Gap:
Arrester voltage
I=kVa
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Ln Current
ka
Gap Elements
Blocks cannot conduct continuously Series gaps Fast transients cause the series gaps to short over and insert the silicon carbide blocks Gaps must reseal after the arrester operates (grading circuitry) Duty cycle rating is the maximum 60hz voltage where the gaps can still re-seal against power follow current Subject to external contamination Doble study shows that 50% of silicon carbide arresters tested cannot meet original protection characteristics Problem with moisture contamination and gaps changing characteristics 8 Oldest SiC arresters do not have a pressure relief rating
Brown is down!!
GE Thyrite
Westinghouse LVS
IEEE C62.11-1999
Arrester Class:
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Arrester Class:
The key test for determining class is the Pressure Relief Test: Arrester must vent at or below the rated current for both the high and low current values Parts of the arrester must not fall outside a circle with the radius equal to the height of the arrester (it can fall down!)
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Station Class Metal Oxide arresters were first introduced around 1980 for transmission applications Originally three varieties:
Gapless Westinghouse 4 discs Shunt gap General Electric 3 discs Series gap Ohio Brass 3 discs
Today all station class arresters are gapless Intermediate and distribution ratings introduced in mid 80s (gapless) Polymer housings introduced in 90s
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Arrester class
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Protective Characteristics
Discharge current Lightning impulse Switching impulse
Arrester Survival
MCOV Temporary over-voltage (TOV) Duty Cycle (accelerated aging) Transmission line discharge Pressure Relief tests (arrester class)
Porcelain vs polymer
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Discharge Current:
The surge current that flows through an arrester. In a gapless arrester the peak voltage that appears across the arrester at the discharge current is the protective level. A series of 8/20 current waves are used with the peak amplitudes listed below: 1500a 3000a 5000a I 10000a V 15000a (500kv only) 20000a (distribution & subtransmission - unshielded) 40000a These points are used to compare to the equipment BIL. The manufacturers published information shall state for each arrester rating the maximum discharge voltage for each discharge current listed.
IEEE C62.11-1999
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A typical discharge current called the classifying current is used to determine the lightning and switching surge protective levels. These currents vary depending on the nominal system voltage:
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LPL - An 8x20 lightning impulse discharge current is passed through the arrester to determine the discharge voltages. The current magnitude is the classifying current for the appropriate system voltage. It simulates the current magnitude and shape that the arrester would have to shunt to ground due to a lightning stroke coming in on the 138kv line. Example: an arrester applied on a 138kv system should use a 10ka 8x20 u-sec classifying current. This produces 164.9kv at the arrester. This is the protective level (LPL). The voltage protective level coordinates with the equipment BIL withstand value
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Protective Characteristics
Discharge current Lightning impulse Switching impulse
Arrester Survival
MCOV Temporary over-voltage (TOV) Duty Cycle (accelerated aging) Transmission line discharge Pressure Relief tests (arrester class)
Porcelain vs polymer
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MOV Nameplate
Be sure MCOV value is correct
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MCOV Maximum Continuous Operating Voltage rating is the maximum designated root-mean-squared (rms) value of power frequency voltage that may be applied continuously between the terminals of the IEEE C62.11-1999 arrester. (Note this is phase to ground rms volts!) Example 145kv to ground = 83.7kv so the minimum MCOV for our 138 kv system is 84kv This is the most important criteria for correct application
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Temporary Over-voltage Curves: MOVs can tolerate voltages over MCOV for short periods
Check the actual manufactures curves for each arrester. Note curves for prior duty and no prior duty. The prior duty curve is for previous transmission switching duty.
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Duty Cycle Rating Arrester is raised to an elevated 60hz voltage (duty cycle rating) and operated 20 times at the impulse classifying current. If it doesnt go into thermal runaway it passes the test. Basically this is equivalent to the old duty cycle rating for silicon carbide arresters. Example: an 84kv MCOV translates to a 108kv duty cycle rating. A 98kv MCOV is a 120kv duty cycle. This test coupled with the high current discharge test simulates accelerated aging of the blocks.
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Switching Surges:
Voltage doubles when closing in on an open line = 2 P.U. at open line terminal
Z0= L/C
Assume that High Speed Re-closing traps a negative 1 P.U. charge on the line. Then when the breaker re-closes the maximum voltage at the open end can approach a maximum of 3.5 - 4.0 P.U. for multiple reflections depending on damping (R):
3.5 P.U.
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When an arrester discharges a switching surge the blocks heat up. Switching surges last much longer than lightning surges and so the arresters must dissipate more energy. Repetitive discharges can cause the arrester to fail if there isnt enough time between to allow for cooling The transmission discharge test assures the arrester will tolerate a standard amount of energy
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Surge impedance
Line Length
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The arrester is subjected to 20 surges: Six consecutive-one minute to cool-six moreone minute-six more-one minute-two more The arrester passes if: discharge test is successful Power loss is within specs (leakage current) Transient Network Analysis studies use a value of 7 kilojoules/kv of MCOV rating for transmission arresters
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Arc Chutes:
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Arc Chutes:
Seal plates
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Failed 396kv arrester at Black Oak substation Failed from prolonged 60hz over-voltage:
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This arrester actually failed according to the standard. The pieces didnt scatter very far!
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Arrester Installation
Lead length & ground lead Corona rings/Clearances Arc chutes SiC change-outs
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Arc Chutes:
Arc chutes should face away from other equipment or bushings
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Change out old SiC arresters on xfmrs starting in 2006 during 5 year gauge inspections (xfmrs 138kv and above) Replace old arresters as part of xfmr/breaker change-outs and pin/cap insulator replacements If a SiC arrester fails, change out all 6 Dont return SiC arresters to stock
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Cant check protective levels in the field! Moisture intrusion Leakage current Power factor Megger Thermovision Visual inspections Failed arresters
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Leakage Current:
Measure leakage current with the arrester energized Increasing resistive component of the leakage current indicates blocks are failing (losses are proportional to i2)
ma
watts
vars
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Clean all external surfaces of the arrester Coat all external weather tight housing surfaces with silicon grease to aid in water shedding if environment is harsh. Check and clean the ground connections
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Effects of Contamination:
Contamination causes an unequal voltage distribution across the outside surface of the arrester. In arresters with internal gaps and grading circuitry this can also cause an imbalance of voltage across the gaps and results in improper operation and premature failure of the arrester.
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Power Factor:
Apply 10kv to terminal and measure leakage current Resistive component of leakage current indicates internal moisture contamination
10 kv
watts
vars
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This test is generally more effective on Silicon Carbide arresters than MOV arresters in detecting internal contamination or breakdown of spark gaps or valve blocks. Make the measurement with the highest voltage available on the test set without exceeding the line to ground voltage of the arrester under test. The values that are measured are the leakage current (less than 3 milli-amperes) and watts loss (less than 150 mW). These tests can only be read utilizing a 10kV power factor test set.
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Example:
During Class A Maintenance on the No. 2 transformer at Doubs Substation, the Substation Crew decided to perform Power Factor Testing on the high side arresters. Testing revealed an abnormal test pattern on the Z phase arrester The next slides show the test results of a neighboring similar arrester as well as the results from the arrester in question.
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Arrester Details
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All tests were performed with the Doble Power Factor test set at 10 kV.
Phase results (comparable to all arresters tested of the same make and model) mA Watts Top 0.357 0.060 Mid 0.164 0.059 Bot 0.318 0.083
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ABB Received the arrester sections and performed a voltage test on all 3 sections. The test applies the rated voltage to each section of the arrester. (118 kV for the top 2 sections and 82 kV for the bottom section). The resulting leakage current is then read. The expected leakage is less than 1 mA. The top section and bottom section passed the test. The middle section failed the test when the applied voltage was only 44 kV (expected to reach 118 kV)
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Megger Test:
An arrester is to act as an insulator a majority of its in service life. It will only allow current to flow to ground during high voltage transients generally caused by lightning. Make the measurement with the highest voltage available on the test set without exceeding the line to ground voltage of the arrester under test. Readings should be comparable to similar arresters. The value should be greater than 200 Mega Ohms. This test is generally more effective on Silicon Carbide arresters than MOV arresters in detecting internal contamination or breakdown of spark gaps or valve blocks. MOV arresters may show a high insulation resistance value after an operation but still be failed as an open circuit.
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Infrared Imaging
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Visual Inspection
Make certain porcelain or polymer appears clean and free of any debris Visually inspect the ground connections from the base of the arrester. A missing connection will not allow the arrester to function as designed.
Multiple arrester operations with improperly sized wire may result in a failure of the ground wire. Improperly sized ground wire may also result in fire.
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Failed Arresters:
Failure assessment
Suspect Arresters
Exercise EXTREME caution while investigating problems and handling suspect arresters. Sealed Silicon Carbide and MOV arresters may be under pressure due to a build up of fault gasses. Visually inspect suspect arresters carefully while looking for burn deposits near arc chutes on Silicon Carbide arresters. MOV arresters may show very subtle signs of failure such as deformation of the polymer covering. Generally, MOV arresters will fail and split the polymer covering or fracture the porcelain cover.
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