Fish Health Management and Diseases

JULIUS CEASAR R. CABALLES Mariculture Technician BFAR-8

Fish
Stocking Density Innate Susceptabilty Natural Immunity

Infectious Agents
Parasites Protozoa Fungi Bacteria Virus

D I S

Environment
Oxygen Temperature Waste pH Toxins

E
A S E

Disease Agent

Physical mechanical, thermal, radiant Chemical nutritional deficiences, environmental contaminants, toxins, drug overdosages Biological virus, bacteria, fungi Management and Operation Practices

Why Fishes Die ?

-as a result of wide variety of natural and unnatural causes * old age * stress * starvation * suffocation * body injury * water pollution * diseases * predation * parasites * toxic algae * severe weather condition

How to determine a diseased fish?

Abnormal change of color Physical deformities Retarded growth Abnormal movement Loss of fins, scales ,tail rot . Dont swim with the other. Mortalities

Procedures in diagnosis of disease

Recognize early consistent signs of disease Check and record water condition Note Nature of stock and monitor stock regularly Evaluate sanitation and management practices Perform diagnostic test

Common Diseases of Bangus

Diseas Agent Type e

Fin rot

Syndrome
Erosion of fins

Measures
Affected 2% of stock

Chlorond rococcus

columnar is

Diseas Agent Type e

Nematode Capillara Infestatio Sp. n

Syndrome

Measures
Administer tricholorofon (with caution for smallfish); Niclosomide,le vamisole or mebendazole mixed in feed.

Parasitic Emanciated, although nematode shows good appetite in early stage, then weakens, becomes listless, loses appetite & colour pattern darkens; fin & tail rot and skin patches/ sores; faeces white & string/ slimy; scrapes belly against bottom or may start to tremble; larval stage of parasite located in muscle tissue & can be seen through skin, appearing either coiled up or rod- like

NEMATODE
Capillara sp.

Disease Agent
Anchor worm disease Lernae cyprinacea

Type
Parasitic copepod

Syndrome
Parasitic visible on skin, head embedded deep in the tissues of the host; haemorrhages and open wounds at site of infection; weight loss; respiratory difficulties; sluggishness; red areas; ulcers; scale loss; fin damage; scraping and sometimes hanging vertically or belly up; parasite length 5 to 22 mm.

Measures
KMno4 bath o 0.8-1.1 percent NaCl (KM nO4 may be lethal to small fish at dosages required to kill lernae )

Anchor Worm

Lernea cyprinacea

Disease

Agent

Type

Syndrome

Measures

Trichodino Trichodin Protozoan Slime covers skin like fog, sis a parasite fins clamped and denuded of tissue

250 ml/ litre formalin bath for 15 min.

TRICHODINOSIS
Trichodina

Disease

Agent

Type

Syndrome

Measures

Scolex Scolex Helminth Infestation pleurone parasite ctis

Infestation occurs commonly in the intestine

None stated

SCOLEX INFESTATION
SCOLEX PLEURONECTIS

Disease

Agent

Type

Syndrome

Measures

Cryptobia Cryptobia Protozoan Dark coloration; increased infestation parasite mucus build up; occasional appearance of skin lesions followed by scale loss; difficult or rapid breathing; reduced appetite and weight loss; secondary bacterial ifections in advance stage leading to pale and / or red skin patches and skin and fin

Treat with formaldehyde (250 ml/litre ) Or 10 mg/litre malachite green; place infected fish in freshwater bath or treat with antibacterial agents.

a - swelling of gill filaments and overproduction of mucus.

parasite attachment to gill epithelium.

CRYPTOBIA INFESTATION
CRYPTOBIA

Disease

Agent

Type

Syndrome

Measures

Caligus Caligus Parasitic Loss of appetite; lethargic infestation longipedis copepod swimming; excess mucus production; lumpy body surface.

Dip infected fish in freshwater (makes transparent parasite visible ); bathe in 150 ppm H2 O2 for 30 minutes.

CALIGUS INFESTATION
CALIGUS LONGIPEDIS

Disease

Agent

Type

Syndrome

Measures

Isopod Alitropus infestation typicus

Parasitic copepod

Parasites skin, base of head, gill and subopercular vent; infested fish try to shake off parasites

Drying and liming of ponds for several weeks ; remove infected fish ; maybe a secondary pathogen.

Disease

Agent

Type

Syndrome

Measures

Vit. C deficiency

Curvative of spinal cord

Reversible thru addition of deficient vitamin.

Disease

Agent

Type

Syndrome

Measures

Gas bubble disease

Supersatu ration of gas(oxyge n or nitrogen)

Presence of gas bubble or gills, skin, eyes, fin,abdominal cavity; exopthalmia swollen abdomen; hemorrhagic fin basis; hyperemic peritoneal activity

Check phytoplankton bloom , pipe leakages ; water change.

Collecting and Submitting Fish Samples

1. Collect 5-10 live, dying (but not dead) fishes 2. Do not combine fish and water samples 3. Freshly dead fish may or may not be useful for diagnosis 4. Day-old dead bloating fish floating at water surface are useless for diagnosis 5. Immediately transport dying fish to laboratory -in a cooler of water -large plastic bag with water and oxygen 6. Submit water samples (if possible 3 bottles) in clean containers 7. If necessary, submit three (3) sediment samples 6. Always call diagnostic laboratory for sample arrival and analysis 7. All samples must be properly labeled.

DISEASE PREVENTION and Some Recommended Measures for Disease Prevention

1.Good site selection -avoid areas with problems (domestic, industrial, agricultural pollution) -sufficient supply of clean water 2.Good pond design 3.Good pond preparation 4.Stocking of good quality fingerlings 5.Right stocking density (according to management capability and environmental conditions) 6.Water quality management maintenance of good water quality, ensure sufficient water exchange water quality monitoring (e.g. water color, turbidity, DO, pH)

7.Controlled feeding and feeding high quality food -do not overfeed the fish 8.Routine monitoring of the health status of fish stocks -monitoring of survival, growth rates -observe fish daily, note for abnormalities (poor appetite, flashing, skin color change) 9.Prevent disease introduction -quarantine new stock before introducing them into the culture facility (isolate newly arrived fish at least 2 weeks and observe daily for abnormal behavior or signs of disease)

DAMO NGA SALAMAT HAN

IYO PAMATI