Statistics

Statistics 361 Statistics for Engineers Introduction

Kimberly Weems ksweems@ncsu.edu 5260 SAS Hall
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Stat 361
Intro to Stats for Engineers
Prerequisites: College Algebra Topics include descriptive statistics, sampling, experimental design, estimation, testing, regression

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Syllabus Issues
Contact info on top of page Required Text: Applied Statistics for Engineers and Scientists, 2nd ed. Author: Jay Devore and Nicholas Farnum. Publisher: Thomson Brooks/Cole. ISBN: 0-534-46719-9, year 2005. Calculator needed: TI83/84 is often used

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Grades
ITEM Exam 1 Grades: Exam 2 Exam 3 Percentage 20% 20% 20%

Homework
Final Exam

15%
25%

Up to plus/minus, you need 90% for A, 80% for B, 70% for C, 60% for D. Less than 60% is F. IN grades are given only as specified in University regulations.
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Homework
Assigned weekly Due at beginning of class. Late HW accepted with penalty May work together, but do not copy. The lowest HW will be dropped.

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Exams
3 exams (closed notes, closed book). See syllabus for exam dates. No web-enabled devices may be used. One 8 x 11 page of notes is allowed. Statistical tables will be provided. Exams are not cumulative

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Missed Exams
Make-up exams are strongly discouraged. If you are aware of a conflict, inform me before the exam. Make-up exam will only be given if
Suitable documentation is provided within 2 days Student takes make-up within 1 week

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Final Exam
Final exam is cumulative. Basic rules for other exams also hold for the final. One 8 x 11 page of notes is allowed. See syllabus for University-scheduled final exam time

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Class Web Page Syllabus, Course Outline & Lectures

Moodle ( http://moodle.wolfware.ncsu.edu) Check often for updates Notes/note outlines will be posted at least 24 hours in advance. Please print and bring them to class with you. Links for
StatCrunch (http://statcrunch.stat.ncsu.edu/)

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Policies
Arrive on time. Bring handouts & calculator. Turn cell phones off. Mutual respect creates an ideal learning environment for everyone.

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Laptop Policy
May be used for viewing ST 361 materials only There may be times when laptops are not allowed. Laptop use may be discontinued at any time.

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Important links
Academic Misconduct Disability Services for Students Class Evaluations NCSU check in case of inclement weather. Also check your Unity account regularly for announcements.

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A few questions for you

What do you hope to get out of this class? We live in a society that collects volumes upon volumes of data. Are people looking at the data? Are they interpreting the data properly? How do we turn raw data into information?

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What is Statistics?
The discipline of Statistics is the science of data the study of variability Note statistics has also a different meaning. Statistics = plural of statistic . A statistic is a numerical fact, or summary. Examples: the size of the data describing some population; or its birth rate, or its crime rate.

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What is Statistics?
Statistics provides a framework for describing the variability in a system and for learning the impact of various factors on a system. Example: Different tanks of gas yield different mpgs. Gasoline mileage depends on many factors type of driving (city vs highway) weather conditions tire inflation engine compression valve wear, the octane of the gasoline used, etc.
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What is Statistics?
Statistics is the study of how best to: (a) collect data; (b) summarize or describe data; and (c) draw formal inferences and practical conclusions based on data all the while recognizing the reality of variation.

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The Basic Paradigm.

Population Sample

Inference
Parameters
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Why Study Statistics?

Statistics is everywhere! medicine, economy, agriculture, hydrology, engineering, etc. It is the most important and portable subject you will learn in your quantitative curriculum. Surveys of practicing engineers consistently show that one of their foremost academic regrets was not learning enough statistics.

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Statistics in Engineering
Engineers solve problems by applying scientific principles. For example, engineers perform tests to learn how things behave under stress, and at what point they might fail. As engineers perform experiments, they collect data that can be used to explain relationships better and to reveal information about the quality of products and services they provide.

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Statistics in Engineering: Some Examples

1. 2. Design of Experiments (DOE) uses statistical techniques to test and construct models of engineering components and systems. Quality control and process control use statistics as a tool to manage conformance to specifications of manufacturing processes and their products. Time and methods engineering use statistics to study repetitive operations in manufacturing in order to set standards and find optimum (in some sense) manufacturing procedures. Reliability engineering uses statistics to measures the ability of a system to perform for its intended function (and time) and has tools for improving performance. Probabilistic design uses statistics in the use of probability in product and system design.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_statistics

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Method of statistics follows a process

Preliminary: Identify the research objective Step 1: Collect the information needed to answer the questions Step 2: Organize and summarize the information. Step 3: Draw conclusions from the information.

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Method of statistics follows a process

Preliminary: Identify the research objective What are
The questions to the answered, and The population the values or individuals of interest

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Method of statistics follows a process

Step 1: Collect the information needed to answer the questions Population may be inaccessible
Too large Time restrictions Impractical

Typically consider a sample: a subset of the population

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Method of statistics follows a process

Step 2: Organize and summarize the information. Give descriptive statistics numerical and graphical summaries of the data To collect data, we observe and record values of one or more variables Want to determine each variables distribution the possible values of the variable and the probability of each value occurring

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Method of statistics follows a process

Step 2: Organize and summarize the information. (contd) Parameters summaries of the (distribution of the) population Statistics summaries of the (distribution of the) sample

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Method of statistics follows a process

Step 3: Draw conclusions from the information. The information collected from the sample is generalized to the population, and the reliability is measured i.e. inferential statistics

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The Basic Paradigm.

Population Sample

Inference
Parameters
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Example: SAT Scores

50 students (24 males and 26 females) matched according to socio-economic background, Study to examine the effect of classroom atmosphere (strict or permissive) on student performance, as measured by SAT scores at the end of the school year. Students divided into two groups of 25 each (12 males and 13 females)
Group 1 to study under a strict atmosphere Group 2 studies under a very permissive atmosphere.

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Example: SAT Scores After nine months, all students were given the same tests: SATMath & SATVer.

Student

Group

Gender

SATMath

SATVer

A B C D

Strict Strict Permissive Permissive

F M F M

670 700 750 690

700 680 730 750

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Example: SAT Scores

This example involves data collection, data analysis, and statistical inference. How? Questions: Does stricter classroom atmosphere increase the average score? Is the group size 50 large enough to make a confident conclusion? Why were the students matched according to socio-economic background? Why 12 males and 13 females per group?

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Example: SAT Scores

Population: all individuals in that region that take the SAT or the SAT scores of all individuals Sample: the 50 students selected for the study or the SAT scores of the 50 students Sample size: 50 Statistical inference: Based on the data from the study, we infer whether a stricter classroom atmosphere increases SAT scores in general. What are examples of a parameter and a statistic?

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