David Halomoan Malau Electrical Power Engineering / 18009025 Bandung Institute of Technology

Needs of Current Sensors in Power System

Ferromagnetic Core Coil Sensors

Air Core Coil Sensors

Operation Theory

Core Behaviour

Induction Coil Sensors

Design of Air Core Coil Sensors

Equivalent Circuit and Frequency Respons Rogowski Coil

Geometrical Property Physical Parameters

Practical Aspects

Low Cost Construction Construction Calibration

Induction Based Coil Sensors also known as search coils, pickup coils, or magnetic loop sensors.

Special kinds of induction based coil sensors:

Rogowski Coil Gradiometer Sensors Vibrating Coil Sensors Tangential Field Sensors Needle Probes

Simple manufature Winding materials are commonly available Example of another type of sensors:
Hall Sensor Magnetoresistive Fluxgate-type

The only one that can be manufactured directly by the user, low cost; yet accurate. [1]

Voltage induced to the coil is a function to rate of change of the flux density.

Parameter
Sensitivity Linearity (Current)

Ferromagnetic Core Type

High No

Air Core Type

Low Yes (Few Amperes to Several Hundred of Kiloamperes)

Linearity (Frequency)

No

Yes (Few Hertz to Several Hundred of Kilohertz)

Where:
A: Minor Axis B: Major Axis

In construction, Rogowski coil could be not perfectly rounded around main conductor. Geometrical property of the Rogowski coil could be seen from A/B ratio. Experiment done by see how A/B ratio influence the output voltage waveform.

Results:
Output waveform of the Rogowski coil become unstable when A/B is small.
Thus errors of amplitude and phase become larger.

Physical parameters determine the value of output voltage of Rogowski coil Physical parameters: a (inner radius) rw (wire radius) rc (core radius) N (number of turns)

Done by simulating variating physical parameter a (inner radius), rw (wire radius) , rc (core radius), and N (number of turns) to see output voltage results Simulation done with asumption A/B = 1

Results:
Smaller Rogowski coil (smaller a parameter) give better sensitivity.
Value of optimum core radius different through different value of inner radius. Bigger N (number of turns) give bigger output voltage Bigger wire diameter make value of N smaller, but need to be calculated more

[1] Kojovic, Ljubomir A., et al. Practical Aspects of Rogowski Coil Applications to Relaying. IEEE PSRC Special Report. 2010. [2] Kojovic, Ljubomir A. Comparative Performance of Current Transformers and Rogowski Coils used for Protective Relaying Purposes. [3] Faifer, M., and R. Ottoboni. An Electronic Current Transformer Based on Rogowski Coil. Dipartimento di Elettrotecnica, Politecnico di Milano. Italy. 2008. [4] Tumanski, S. Induction Coil Sensors A Review. Institute of Electrical Theory & Measurement. Poland. 2007. [5] Murgatroyd, P. N. and D. N. Woodland. Geometrical Properties of Rogowski Sensors. IEE Colloquium on Low Frequency Power Measurement and Analysis. Savoy Place. 1994. [6] Jingsheng, Liao. Studies of Rogowski Coil Current Transducer for Low Amplitude Current (100 A) Measurement. College of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong U. of Sci. & Tech. China.