BY ROBERT HAVEMAN & TIMOTHY SMEEDING

PRESENTED BY ANILI FASHA BINTI MAHADI SITI HANIZAN BINTI SAMSURI

Higher education courses are those leading to the award of: associate degree bachelor's degree graduate certificate graduate diploma master's degree doctoral degree. Some courses leading to the award of a diploma or advanced diploma may also be accredited as higher education.
The State of Queensland (Department of Education, Training and Employment) 2005-2012

An Institution of Higher Education is a school that: Awards a bachelors degree or not less than a 2 year program that provides credit towards a degree or, Provides not less than 1 year of training towards gainful employment or, Is a vocational program that provides training for gainful employment and has been in existence for at least two years.

And must meet all three of the following criteria: Admits as regular students only persons with a high school diploma or equivalent; or admits as regular students persons who are beyond the age of compulsory school attendance Public, Private, or Non-Profit Accredited or pre accredited and is authorized to operate in that state.
National Resource Centre for Youth Development

 Social mobility is shifting from one social status to another, commonly to a status that is either higher or lower Societies organized by social class, rather than caste, usually allow greater social mobility; in such societies, one's ability to achieve a higher social status can depend on factors such as social connections, wealth, effort, and education. In meritocracies, social status depends on merit.

Higher Education

Economic Efficiency The extent to which supplies of goods are matched to demands for goods or services in a particular market. The notion of economic efficiency implies the possibility of an ideal market in which no value is lost due to waste, unneeded surpluses, unmet demand, or other misallocations of resources. Social Equity Social equity implies fair access to livelihood, education, and resources; full participation in the political and cultural life of the community; and selfdetermination in meeting fundamental needs.

Offset the role of social class Prevent parents economic position from simply passing straight through to their children Promoting economic efficiency, social justice and social mobility.

3 requirements Social origin and schooling must increasingly reflect only ability Schooling and the eventual employment must be strengthened by qualification acquired through education Difference social origin does not affect the link between schooling and employment

 Affluent

higher income parents with less than two children invest time, money and influence in ensuring their childrens academic success. Less well educated and well to-do parents begin the higher education later with fewer choices and fewer resources.

Genetic & Nations Environment primary and secondary - Ability - Motivation school system - Preparedness Labour market Graduates - skills - High quality
educational services

Based on the economic position of the childrens family

Social Mobility

Youth from the poorest families concentrated in vocational and technical institutions youth from the richest families tended to enroll in four-year colleges

 Composition

of enrollment to top-tier colleges and universities : majority high socioeconomic family status minority low socioeconomic family status composition of high and low socioeconomic family status Community colleges

Similar

 Extreme

inequality of educational attainment between youth from the top and the bottom of family income-to-needs ratios Same goes to the allocation of educational resources except to high school, educational services distributed relatively evenly among children from various economic backgrounds

 Colleges

could enroll more low-income students without decreasing selection standards Part of the gap between low income students population share and their enrollment in colleges and universities is due to low test scores and other indicators of ability that are indirectly related to family income Allocation of spending to other priorities (eg: medical care) along the years of schooling for low income students rather than to educational services

 Higher

education influences social mobility because - family income affects schooling - schooling affects the income of adult children - returns to schooling differ by quality and type of institution The earning gains for students from high-income families exceed those for students from low-income families.

 Sheepskin

effect - the education level applicants used for years as a way of delineating who is qualified for what kinds of jobs. The preference for college and graduate school degrees, so named because the degree dresses up an applicant but does not necessarily change their skills or overall value.

 Reasons

for unprepared students from poor secondary school: 1) High school tend to be of low quality and lack of resources, both financial and human. 2) rigorous courses, especially mathematics improper academic foundation 3) poor signals given by school, advocates and policymakers overemphasize access as opposed to preparation

4) Poor-quality high school support and teach the study and work habits necessary for postsecondary success 5) Students lacking knowledge on how to select colleges, apply for admission, and gain acceptance 6) Students and parents were ill-informed about the cost of attending college, often put off by the high sticker price 7) Unfamiliar with the availability of needs-based financial aid

 Finding

and getting financial aid - Needs-based aid replaced by merit based aid - Financial aid in the form of loans, rather than grants - Federal subsidized student loan program lenders may charge interest on student loan, reducing subsidies to lenders

 Community

colleges - Provide the key access point to higher education - offer technical and occupational training and certificates of competency in some fields - role as primary social mobility as their ability to raise college completion rates among low-income children - initial access point to higher education, providing bridges to schools

 Remediation

and Persistence - admission does not assure graduation - access without support doest not ensure equality of opportunity - remediation improves educational performance - low-income students are more likely academically, psychologically and culturally unprepared - require remedial courses , additional counseling - students in remediation are almost 10% less likely to drop out than similar whos not in remediation

 Strengthen

Student Preparation - strengthen link between K-12 and postsecondary education - put emphasis on college preparatory coursework - universal high-quality preschool for all children - better preparation from middle and secondary schools

 Reducing

Scope through Partnering - Colleges and university pass several function and services to community college or contract providers - they should instead focus on their specialized core competencies and Performance - institutions should price tuition close to real costs, use the bulk of additional revenue to provide direct student aid targeted at students from low-income families - pay for performance

Pricing

 Limiting

Public Subsidies - cap subsidies for wealthy universities Public Direct Student Assistance - Redirecting financial support provided to colleges to the students (eg: vouchers) - introduce income-related loans, students repay debt contingent on their future income

Substituting

 Generational

pattern of income inequality System of higher education is far less oriented toward social mobility